Environmental Taxes and Productivity: Lessons from Canadian Manufacturing

This paper investigates how environmental taxes affect manufacturing productivity by examining British Columbia's revenue-neutral carbon tax. I develop a new hypothesis the "Productivity Dividend Hypothesis" to show that environmental taxes can positively affect productivity by recycling tax revenues to reduce corporate income taxes. This revenue-recycling increases investment and could raise productivity more than environmental taxes lower productivity by diverting resources from production. I evaluate this hypothesis using detailed confidential plant-level data. I find that the carbon tax lowers productivity, although this is offset to some extent by the revenue-recycling. For some plants, the policy generates a net gain in productivity.