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Reconciliation Policies and the Effects of Motherhood on Employment, Earnings, and Poverty

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  • Stephanie Moller
  • Michelle Budig
  • Joya Misra

Abstract

In this paper, we examine the consequences of different welfare state strategies. We argue that four major strategies have appeared: 1) the primary caregiver/secondary earner strategy, focused on valuing the care in which women engage; 2) the primary earner/secondary caregiver strategy, focused on encouraging women s labor market participation; 3) the choice strategy, which provides support for women s employment, but also gives women the choice of emphasizing caretaking when children are very young; and 4) the earner-carer strategy, focused on helping men and women balance care and work through support for care both inside and outside of the home. We examine differences between women who are mothers of children and other women on three outcomes labor force participation rates, wage rates, and poverty rates, analyzing the effects of motherhood and marital status on labor force participation rates, annual earnings, and poverty rates. After analyzing these differences, our study suggests that the strategy taken by the earner-carer strategy is most effective at increasing equity for the widest array of women.

Suggested Citation

  • Stephanie Moller & Michelle Budig & Joya Misra, 2006. "Reconciliation Policies and the Effects of Motherhood on Employment, Earnings, and Poverty," LIS Working papers 429, LIS Cross-National Data Center in Luxembourg.
    • Handle: RePEc:lis:liswps:429
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    1. Jane Waldfogel, 1998. "Understanding the "Family Gap" in Pay for Women with Children," Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, vol. 12(1), pages 137-156, Winter.
    2. Joakim Palme & Walter Korpi, 1998. "The Paradox of Redistribution and Strategies of Equality: Welfare State Institutions, Inequality and Poverty in the Western Countries," LIS Working papers 174, LIS Cross-National Data Center in Luxembourg.
    3. Esping-Andersen, Gosta, 1999. "Social Foundations of Postindustrial Economies," OUP Catalogue, Oxford University Press, number 9780198742005, Decembrie.
    4. Castles, Francis G., 2004. "The Future of the Welfare State: Crisis Myths and Crisis Realities," OUP Catalogue, Oxford University Press, number 9780199273928, Decembrie.
    5. Moshe Semyonov & Hadas Mandel, 2003. "The Prevalence of Welfare State Policies and Gender Socioeconomic Inequality: A Comparative Analysis," LIS Working papers 346, LIS Cross-National Data Center in Luxembourg.
    6. Sara McLanahan & Irwin Garfinkel & Lynne Casper, 1994. "The Gender Poverty Gap: What Can We Learn From Other Countries?," LIS Working papers 112, LIS Cross-National Data Center in Luxembourg.
    7. Hadas Mandel & Haya Stier, 2003. "Inequality in the Family: The Institutional Aspects of Wives Earning Dependency," LIS Working papers 359, LIS Cross-National Data Center in Luxembourg.
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    Cited by:

    1. Gornick, Janet C. & Jäntti, Markus, 2012. "Child poverty in cross-national perspective: Lessons from the Luxembourg Income Study," Children and Youth Services Review, Elsevier, vol. 34(3), pages 558-568.
    2. Markus Jäntti & Janet Gornick, 2009. "Child Poverty in Upper-Income Countries: Lessons from the Luxembourg Income Study," LIS Working papers 509, LIS Cross-National Data Center in Luxembourg.
    3. Paul Bernard & Guillaume Boucher, 2007. "Institutional competitiveness, social investment, and welfare regimes," Regulation & Governance, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 1(3), pages 213-229, September.
    4. Markus Jäntti & Janet Gornick, 2011. "Child Poverty in Comparative Perspective: Assessing the Role of Family Structure and Parental Education and Employment," LIS Working papers 570, LIS Cross-National Data Center in Luxembourg.
    5. Rachel Karen, 2023. "Private Transfers and Poverty Reduction in the United States and France," LIS Working papers 864, LIS Cross-National Data Center in Luxembourg.

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