Globalisation économique, puissance des Etats et conflits. Changement climatique, inégalités, crises économiques, guerres géoéconomiques et le retour vers de nouvelles raretés

Liberal economists have always considered that the market economy was a factor of peace. Today's world is dominated by the principles of the World Trade Organization, but war is more present than ever in people's minds. States are engaged in rearmament, with the optimization of the "bang for a buck" in mind, nuclear or conventional strategies and the choice between butter and cannon. As a result, in a globalized system normally prepared for peace, conflicts arise that lead to coups d'état, to armed struggle that benefits the arms industry or to economic warfare, which can only be waged by a coalition of countries that together have virtual monopolies of essential goods. The United States often uses the economic weapon of extraterritorial law against rogue states or multinational firms that do not meet its demands. Today, globalization is a factor in the growth of inequalities, often unjustified, particularly with the rise of tax havens. The capitalist system is riddled with generalized or regional crises and the financial system is characterized by its capacity to predate on wealth and the rise of crypto-currencies often used for laundering organized crime. New rarities are emerging such as rare earths or water, while non-renewable fossil energy resources should give way to underdeveloped renewable energies. The major threats facing all of humanity between now and the end of this century are climate change, respect for nature and ecosystems, and the fight against unbearable and lethal inequalities.