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Rethinking Nudge: Not One But Three Concepts

Author

Listed:
  • Philippe Mongin

    (CECO - Laboratoire d'économétrie de l'École polytechnique - X - École polytechnique - IP Paris - Institut Polytechnique de Paris - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)

  • Mikaal Cozic

Abstract

Nudge is a concept of policy intervention that originates in Thaler and Sunstein's (2008) popular eponymous book. Following their own hints, we distinguish three properties of nudge interventions: they redirect individual choices by only slightly altering choice conditions (here nudge 1), they use rationality failures instrumentally (here nudge 2), and they alleviate the unfavourable effects of these failures (here nudge 3). We explore each property in semantic detail and show that no entailment relation holds between them. This calls into question the theoretical unity of nudge, as intended by Thaler and Sunstein and most followers. We eventually recommend pursuing each property separately, both in policy research and at the foundational level. We particularly emphasize the need of reconsidering the respective roles of decision theory and behavioural economics to delineate nudge 2 correctly. The paper differs from most of the literature in focusing on the definitional rather than the normative problems of nudge.

Suggested Citation

  • Philippe Mongin & Mikaal Cozic, 2017. "Rethinking Nudge: Not One But Three Concepts," Working Papers hal-01970747, HAL.
    • Handle: RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-01970747
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    2. Gintare Stankuniene & Dalia Streimikiene & Grigorios L. Kyriakopoulos, 2020. "Systematic Literature Review on Behavioral Barriers of Climate Change Mitigation in Households," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(18), pages 1-18, September.
    3. Adrien Barton, 2021. "Foundations for an Ontology of Nudges," Post-Print hal-03512325, HAL.
    4. Andor, Mark Andreas & Götte, Lorenz & Price, Michael Keith & Schulze Tilling, Anna & Tomberg, Lukas, 2023. "Differences in how and why social comparisons and real-time feedback impact resource use: Evidence from a field experiment," Ruhr Economic Papers 1059, RWI - Leibniz-Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, Ruhr-University Bochum, TU Dortmund University, University of Duisburg-Essen.
    5. Congiu, Luca & Botta, Enrico & Zoli, Mariangela, 2025. "Biases and nudges in the circular economy: A review," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 233(C).
    6. D. Wade Hands, 2020. "Libertarian paternalism: taking Econs seriously," International Review of Economics, Springer;Happiness Economics and Interpersonal Relations (HEIRS), vol. 67(4), pages 419-441, December.
    7. Luca Congiu & Ivan Moscati, 2022. "A review of nudges: Definitions, justifications, effectiveness," Journal of Economic Surveys, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 36(1), pages 188-213, February.
    8. Marc Fleurbaey, 2020. "Philippe Mongin 1950–2020," Social Choice and Welfare, Springer;The Society for Social Choice and Welfare, vol. 55(3), pages 399-403, October.
    9. Mark A. Andor & Lorenz Goette & Michael K. Price & Anna Schulze-Tilling & Lukas Tomberg, 2025. "Real-Time Feedback and Social Comparison Reports Impact Resource Use and Welfare: Evidence From a Field Experiment," CRC TR 224 Discussion Paper Series crctr224_2025_651, University of Bonn and University of Mannheim, Germany.
    10. Jean Baccelli & Marcus Pivato, 2021. "Philippe Mongin (1950–2020)," Theory and Decision, Springer, vol. 90(1), pages 1-9, February.

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    JEL classification:

    • D03 - Microeconomics - - General - - - Behavioral Microeconomics: Underlying Principles
    • D18 - Microeconomics - - Household Behavior - - - Consumer Protection
    • D70 - Microeconomics - - Analysis of Collective Decision-Making - - - General
    • K32 - Law and Economics - - Other Substantive Areas of Law - - - Energy, Environmental, Health, and Safety Law
    • K39 - Law and Economics - - Other Substantive Areas of Law - - - Other
    • M38 - Business Administration and Business Economics; Marketing; Accounting; Personnel Economics - - Marketing and Advertising - - - Government Policy and Regulation

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