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Integration of electric vehicles into transmission grids: A case study on generation adequacy in Europe in 2040

Author

Listed:
  • Rémi Lauvergne

    (LGI - Laboratoire Génie Industriel - CentraleSupélec - Université Paris-Saclay, RTE - Réseau de Transport d'Electricité [Paris])

  • Yannick Perez

    (LGI - Laboratoire Génie Industriel - CentraleSupélec - Université Paris-Saclay)

  • Mathilde Françon

    (RTE - Réseau de Transport d'Electricité [Paris])

  • Alberto Tejeda de la Cruz

    (RTE - Réseau de Transport d'Electricité [Paris])

Abstract

Electric vehicles (EVs) are expected to grow massively in the coming years, and grid integration of a large number of them could challenge electricity-system infrastructure. This paper aims at describing a methodology to study the technical and economic impacts on power systems of mass EV charging for several EV-owner connection behavior profiles (systematic, when necessary, when convenient) and the range of recharge modes available (uncontrolled, time-of-use tariff, smart unidirectional charging, and vehicle-to-grid). This framework is applied to a case study at hourly resolution of high penetration of electric vehicles and renewable energy sources in Europe at the 2040 time-horizon, in line with the ‘National Trends Scenario' grid mix under the pan-EU ENTSO-E Ten-Year Network Development Plan. Results show that the European electricity system can accommodate large EV growth and that widespread adoption of smart charging in France can significantly reduce operational electricity system costs by up to 1.1 G€ and reduce carbon emissions by up to 3.2 MtCO2 per year. Multiple EV smart charging modes are also compared and the parameters have the largest impact on EV flexibility are identified, including gas prices, smart charging adoption, weekly flexibility, and mid-day charging.

Suggested Citation

  • Rémi Lauvergne & Yannick Perez & Mathilde Françon & Alberto Tejeda de la Cruz, 2022. "Integration of electric vehicles into transmission grids: A case study on generation adequacy in Europe in 2040," Post-Print hal-03936030, HAL.
    • Handle: RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03936030
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2022.120030
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    Cited by:

    1. Zhang, Chengquan & Kitamura, Hiroshi & Goto, Mika, 2024. "Feasibility of vehicle-to-grid (V2G) implementation in Japan: A regional analysis of the electricity supply and demand adjustment market," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 311(C).
    2. Kreft, Markus & Brudermueller, Tobias & Fleisch, Elgar & Staake, Thorsten, 2024. "Predictability of electric vehicle charging: Explaining extensive user behavior-specific heterogeneity," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 370(C).
    3. Moon-Jong Jang & Taehoon Kim & Eunsung Oh, 2023. "Data-Driven Modeling of Vehicle-to-Grid Flexibility in Korea," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(10), pages 1-16, May.
    4. Md. Shafiul Alam & Tanzi Ahmed Chowdhury & Abhishak Dhar & Fahad Saleh Al-Ismail & M. S. H. Choudhury & Md Shafiullah & Md. Ismail Hossain & Md. Alamgir Hossain & Aasim Ullah & Syed Masiur Rahman, 2023. "Solar and Wind Energy Integrated System Frequency Control: A Critical Review on Recent Developments," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(2), pages 1-31, January.
    5. Li, Zepeng & Wu, Qiuwei & Li, Hui & Nie, Chengkai & Tan, Jin, 2024. "Distributed low-carbon economic dispatch of integrated power and transportation system," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 353(PA).
    6. Hasanien, Hany M. & Alsaleh, Ibrahim & Alassaf, Abdullah & Alateeq, Ayoob, 2023. "Enhanced coati optimization algorithm-based optimal power flow including renewable energy uncertainties and electric vehicles," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 283(C).
    7. Zhang, Nan & Lu, Yiji & Kadam, Sambhaji & Yu, Zhibin, 2023. "A fuel cell range extender integrating with heat pump for cabin heat and power generation," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 348(C).
    8. Wiedemann, Nina & Xin, Yanan & Medici, Vasco & Nespoli, Lorenzo & Suel, Esra & Raubal, Martin, 2024. "Vehicle-to-grid for car sharing - A simulation study for 2030," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 372(C).
    9. Damianakis, Nikolaos & Mouli, Gautham Ram Chandra & Bauer, Pavol, 2025. "Grid impact of photovoltaics, electric vehicles and heat pumps on distribution grids — An overview," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 380(C).
    10. Adeline Gu'eret & Carlos Gaete-Morales & Wolf-Peter Schill, 2025. "A moderate share of V2G outperforms large-scale smart charging of electric vehicles and benefits other consumers," Papers 2509.15284, arXiv.org.
    11. Mittelman, Gur & Eran, Ronen & Zhivin, Lev & Eisenhändler, Ohad & Luzon, Yossi & Tshuva, Moshe, 2023. "The potential of renewable electricity in isolated grids: The case of Israel in 2050," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 349(C).
    12. Bento, Pedro M.R. & Mariano, Silvio J.P.S. & Pombo, Jose A.N. & Calado, Maria R.A., 2024. "Large-scale penetration of renewables in the Iberian power system: Evolution, challenges and flexibility options," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 204(C).

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