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The effectiveness of cash and cash plus interventions on livelihoods outcomes: Evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis

Author

Listed:
  • Leight, Jessica
  • Hirvonen, Kalle
  • Zafar, Sarim

Abstract

Cash transfer programs have become increasingly popular tools for fighting chronic poverty and food insecurity in lowand middle-income countries (Fiszbein and Schady, 2009; USAID, 2022; WFP, 2023). Cash transfers offer recipients flexibility by permitting them to finance immediate consumption needs or to increase future income streams through investments and savings. Moreover, these programs are generally feasible to implement and scale across diverse contexts. While studies consistently show cash transfers effectively reduce poverty in the short term, the evidence on their long-term impact is less clear.

Suggested Citation

  • Leight, Jessica & Hirvonen, Kalle & Zafar, Sarim, 2024. "The effectiveness of cash and cash plus interventions on livelihoods outcomes: Evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis," CGIAR Initative Publications 149161, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).
    • Handle: RePEc:fpr:cgiarp:149161
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    Cited by:

    1. Tatiana Orozco Garcia & Neil T. N. Ferguson, 2025. "Jobs and livelihoods programming for economic and social stability in fragile places: Evidence from Tunisia and Somalia," WIDER Working Paper Series wp-2025-93, World Institute for Development Economic Research (UNU-WIDER).
    2. Papineni, Sreelakshmi & Gonzalez Martinez, Paula Lorena & Goldstein, Markus & Friedman, Jed, 2025. "Cash Is Queen : Local Economy Effects of Cash Transfers to Women in West Africa," Policy Research Working Paper Series 11112, The World Bank.
    3. Abay, Kibrom A. & Nigus, Halefom Yigzaw & Kahsay, Goytom Abraha & Taffesse, Alemayehu Seyoum, 2025. "Rebuilding trust in local leadership in conflict-affected settings: The impact of community-based cash transfers," IFPRI discussion papers 2370, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).
    4. Hirvonen, Kalle & Machado, Elia & Simons, Andrew M., 2024. "Can social assistance reduce violent conflict and civil unrest? Evidence from a large-scale public works program in Ethiopia," CGIAR Initative Publications 163420, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).
    5. Leight, Jessica & Gentilini, Ugo, 2025. "Cash, food, and vouchers: An overview of the evidence," Other briefs 177186, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).
    6. Neil Ferguson & Tatiana Orozco García, 2025. "Jobs and livelihoods programming for economic and social stability in fragile places: Evidence from Tunisia and Somalia," HiCN Working Papers 447, Households in Conflict Network.

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