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Macro and Micro of External Finance Premium and Monetary Policy Transmission

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  • Altavilla, Carlo
  • Gürkaynak, Refet
  • Quaedvlieg, Rogier

Abstract

We establish basic facts about the external finance premium. Tens of millions of individual loan contracts extended to euro area firms allow studying the determinants of the external finance premium at the country, bank, firm, and contract levels of disaggregation. At the country level, the variance in the premium is closely linked to sovereign spreads, which are important in understanding financial amplification mechanisms. However, country level differences only explain half of the total variance. The rest is predominantly attributed to variances at the bank and firm levels, which are influenced by the respective balance sheet characteristics. Studying the response of the external finance premium to monetary policy, we find that balance sheet vulnerabilities of banks and firms strengthen the transmission of policy measures to financing conditions. Moreover, our findings reveal an asymmetrical effect contingent upon the sign and type of the policies. Specifically, policy rate hikes and quantitative easing measures exert a more pronounced impact on lending spreads, further magnified through their repercussions on the external finance premium.

Suggested Citation

  • Altavilla, Carlo & Gürkaynak, Refet & Quaedvlieg, Rogier, 2024. "Macro and Micro of External Finance Premium and Monetary Policy Transmission," CEPR Discussion Papers 19044, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
    • Handle: RePEc:cpr:ceprdp:19044
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    2. Kārlis Vilerts & Sofia Anyfantaki & Konstantīns Beņkovskis & Sebastian Bredl & Massimo Giovannini & Florian Matthias Horky & Vanessa Kunzmann & Tibor Lalinský & Athanasios Lampousis & Elizaveta Lukman, 2026. "Details Matter: Loan Pricing and Transmission of Monetary Policy in the Euro Area," International Journal of Central Banking, International Journal of Central Banking, vol. 22(2), pages 1-89, April.
    3. Altavilla, Carlo & Bussière, Matthieu & Galí, Jordi & Gorodnichenko, Yuriy & Gürkaynak, Refet S. & Rey, Hélène, 2024. "A research program on monetary policy for Europe," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, vol. 147(S).
    4. Reimers, Paul & Michaelis, Henrike, 2025. "Peering beyond the veil: A dissection of aggregate bank lending rate movements into pricing and composition effects using credit-level data," Discussion Papers 36/2025, Deutsche Bundesbank.
    5. Kamps, Christophe & Bussière, Matthieu & Niessner, Birgit & Tristani, Oreste & Christoffel, Kai & Kapadia, Sujit & Ferrero, Giuseppe & Gilbert, Niels & Vlassopoulos, Thomas & Motto, Roberto & Gerke, R, 2025. "Report on monetary policy tools, strategy and communication," Occasional Paper Series 372, European Central Bank.

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    Keywords

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    JEL classification:

    • E44 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Money and Interest Rates - - - Financial Markets and the Macroeconomy
    • E58 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit - - - Central Banks and Their Policies
    • F45 - International Economics - - Macroeconomic Aspects of International Trade and Finance - - - Macroeconomic Issues of Monetary Unions
    • G15 - Financial Economics - - General Financial Markets - - - International Financial Markets
    • G21 - Financial Economics - - Financial Institutions and Services - - - Banks; Other Depository Institutions; Micro Finance Institutions; Mortgages

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