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Gender Differences in Reference Letters: Evidence from the Economics Job Market

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Listed:
  • Eberhardt, Markus
  • Facchini, Giovanni
  • Rueda, Valeria

Abstract

Academia, and economics in particular, faces increased scrutiny because of gender imbalance. This paper studies the job market for entry-level faculty positions. We employ machine learning methods to analyze gendered patterns in the text of 12,000 reference letters written in support of over 3,700 candidates. Using both supervised and unsupervised techniques, we document widespread differences in the attributes emphasized. Women are systematically more likely to be described using ‘grindstone’ terms and at times less likely to be praised for their ability. Using information on initial placement we highlight the implications of these gendered descriptors for the quality of academic placement.

Suggested Citation

  • Eberhardt, Markus & Facchini, Giovanni & Rueda, Valeria, 2022. "Gender Differences in Reference Letters: Evidence from the Economics Job Market," CEPR Discussion Papers 16960, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
    • Handle: RePEc:cpr:ceprdp:16960
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    JEL classification:

    • J16 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demographic Economics - - - Economics of Gender; Non-labor Discrimination
    • A11 - General Economics and Teaching - - General Economics - - - Role of Economics; Role of Economists

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