After the Keynesian paradigm and the paradigm of economic liberalism, a new paradigm based on "values"?

Two paradigms of collective action have structured the organization and regulation of societies since the Second World War: the Keynesian paradigm and the paradigm of economic neoliberalism. The paper recalls the main characteristics of these two paradigms - France can be described as an ideal type of first one, thought of Friedrich von Hayek the reference for the second - and their successive crises from 1970s to 2000s. While public enterprises played an important role in the first paradigm, and large private enterprises in the second, the social economy has certainly been increasingly present in both paradigms, but without playing a major or driving role. We are now faced with the need to co-construct with all the actors concerned a new paradigm integrating these specific backgrounds and responding to the new challenges of globalization. It seems that such a dynamic is at work in the European Union (EU) today. Based on the European social model, common values and fundamental rights, it is possible to identify what it is essential to defend and promote along the process of globalization. The paper put forwards the hypothesis of a possible new paradigm based on the “common values” and opportunities that could pave the way for a reconstruction of public services as well as for the social and cooperative economy and more generally of public action. In this hypothesis, the social economy would no longer be an appendix or a miracle remedy claiming hegemony, but one of the future solutions, in close interrelationship with the public economy and the “State” on the one hand and private actors and the “market” on the other.