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Supporting same‐sex mothers in the Nordic child health field: a systematic literature review and meta‐synthesis of the most gender equal countries

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  • Michael B Wells
  • Sarah N Lang

Abstract

Aims and objectives To explore the needs of and support given to lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgendered and inter‐sex parents within the Nordic child health field. Background The number of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgendered and inter‐sex parents is growing around the world. However, they face fear, discrimination and heteronormativity within the child health field. The Nordic countries (Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Finland and Iceland) rank as the most gender equal countries in the world; therefore, they may support lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgendered and inter‐sex parents to a greater extent. Design Systematic literature review and meta‐synthesis. Method A systematic search was conducted for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgendered and inter‐sex parents' experiences in the child health field, which consists of prenatal, labour and birth, postnatal and child health clinics, using PubMed, PsychInfo, Sociological Abstracts and CINAHL, as well as searching the grey literature, from 2000–2015. Ten articles were included. A quality assessment and a meta‐synthesis of the articles were performed. Results Nearly all studies were qualitative, and most articles had at least one area of insufficient reporting. Only two countries, Sweden and Norway, had lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgendered and inter‐sex parents reporting on the child health field. However, gay, bisexual, transgender and inter‐sex parents' perspectives were nonexistent in the literature; therefore, the results all relate to same‐sex mothers. Five themes were found: Acceptance of Same‐sex Mothers, Disclosing Sexual Orientation, Heteronormative Obstacles, Co‐mothers are Not Fathers, and Being the Other Parent. Conclusions Same‐sex mothers are generally accepted within the Nordic child health field, but they still face overt and covert heteronormative obstacles, resulting in forms of discrimination and fear. Co‐mothers feel invisible and secondary if they are not treated like an equal parent, but feel noticed and important when they are given equal support. Relevance to clinical practice Changes at the organisational and personnel levels can be made to better support same‐sex mothers and co‐mothers. Recognising both parents benefits the whole family.

Suggested Citation

  • Michael B Wells & Sarah N Lang, 2016. "Supporting same‐sex mothers in the Nordic child health field: a systematic literature review and meta‐synthesis of the most gender equal countries," Journal of Clinical Nursing, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 25(23-24), pages 3469-3483, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:wly:jocnur:v:25:y:2016:i:23-24:p:3469-3483
    DOI: 10.1111/jocn.13340
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    1. Ajzen, Icek, 1991. "The theory of planned behavior," Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, Elsevier, vol. 50(2), pages 179-211, December.
    2. Pam Nicol & Rose Chapman & Rochelle Watkins & Jeanine Young & Linda Shields, 2013. "Tertiary paediatric hospital health professionals’ attitudes to lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender parents seeking health care for their children," Journal of Clinical Nursing, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 22(23-24), pages 3396-3405, December.
    3. David Moher & Alessandro Liberati & Jennifer Tetzlaff & Douglas G Altman & The PRISMA Group, 2009. "Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement," PLOS Medicine, Public Library of Science, vol. 6(7), pages 1-6, July.
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    1. Heléne Appelgren Engström & Elisabet Häggström‐Nordin & Catrin Borneskog & Anna‐Lena Almqvist, 2019. "Mothers in same‐sex relationships—Striving for equal parenthood: A grounded theory study," Journal of Clinical Nursing, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 28(19-20), pages 3700-3709, October.

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