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The Effect of Incentive Framing and Descriptive Norms on Internal Whistleblowing

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  • Clara Xiaoling Chen
  • Jennifer E. Nichol
  • Flora H. Zhou

Abstract

Firms are under increasing pressure to implement effective internal whistleblowing systems. While firms can provide incentives to encourage internal whistleblowing, it remains controversial how such incentives should be structured. We examine whether the effectiveness of incentives encouraging internal whistleblowing is a joint function of the framing of such incentives (reward or penalty) and the strength of descriptive norms supporting internal whistleblowing. We predict and find in a lab experiment that penalties lead to a greater increase in internal whistleblowing (compared to rewards) when descriptive norms supporting whistleblowing are stronger. Our study contributes to the previous accounting literature on dishonesty and the role of management control systems design in promoting honesty and ethical norms in organizations. We also contribute to an emerging accounting literature on the links between controls, norms, and individual behavior by distinguishing between descriptive norms and injunctive norms and by highlighting the interplay between these two types of norms. Our results have important implications for organizations considering adopting incentives to encourage internal whistleblowing.Les entreprises sont exposées à des pressions croissantes les poussant à instaurer des systèmes de dénonciation interne efficaces. Bien qu'elles puissent proposer des incitatifs visant à encourager la dénonciation interne, la façon de structurer ces incitatifs demeure un sujet de controverse. Les auteures se demandent si l'efficacité des incitatifs encourageant la dénonciation interne est fonction à la fois de la nature de ces incitatifs (récompense ou pénalité) et de la solidité des normes descriptives sur lesquelles repose la dénonciation interne. En procédant à une expérience de laboratoire, les auteures confirment leur prédiction selon laquelle les pénalités (comparativement aux récompenses) mènent à une croissance plus grande de la dénonciation interne lorsque les normes descriptives sur lesquelles repose la dénonciation sont plus solides. L'étude contribue aux écrits comptables précédents sur la malhonnêteté et le rôle de la conception des systèmes de contrôle de gestion dans la promotion de l'honnêteté et des normes éthiques au sein des organisations. Les auteures contribuent également aux travaux de recherche récents en comptabilité portant sur les liens entre les contrôles, les normes et le comportement individuel, en établissant la distinction entre normes descriptives et normes injonctives et en mettant en évidence les interactions de ces deux catégories de normes. Ces résultats ont d'importantes conséquences pour les organisations qui envisagent l'adoption de mesures incitatives visant à encourager la dénonciation interne.

Suggested Citation

  • Clara Xiaoling Chen & Jennifer E. Nichol & Flora H. Zhou, 2017. "The Effect of Incentive Framing and Descriptive Norms on Internal Whistleblowing," Contemporary Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 34(4), pages 1757-1778, December.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:coacre:v:34:y:2017:i:4:p:1757-1778
    DOI: 10.1111/1911-3846.12325
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    Cited by:

    1. Stephen R. Stubben & Kyle T. Welch, 2020. "Evidence on the Use and Efficacy of Internal Whistleblowing Systems," Journal of Accounting Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 58(2), pages 473-518, May.
    2. Dennis W. Campbell & Ruidi Shang, 2022. "Tone at the Bottom: Measuring Corporate Misconduct Risk from the Text of Employee Reviews," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 68(9), pages 7034-7053, September.
    3. Lisa-Marie Wibbeke & Maik Lachmann, 2020. "Psychology in management accounting and control research: an overview of the recent literature," Journal of Management Control: Zeitschrift für Planung und Unternehmenssteuerung, Springer, vol. 31(3), pages 275-328, September.
    4. Saera R. Khan & Lauren C. Howe, 2021. "Concern for the Transgressor’s Consequences: An Explanation for Why Wrongdoing Remains Unreported," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 173(2), pages 325-344, October.
    5. Shweta Mehrotra & R. K. Mishra & V. Srikanth & Govind Prasad Tiwari & E. V. Mahesh Kumar, 2020. "State of Whistleblowing Research: A Thematic Analysis," FIIB Business Review, , vol. 9(2), pages 133-148, June.
    6. Khim Kelly & Pamela R. Murphy, 2021. "Reducing Accounting Aggressiveness with General Ethical Norms and Decision Structure," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 170(1), pages 97-113, April.
    7. Pamela R. Murphy & Michael Wynes & Till‐Arne Hahn & Patricia G. Devine, 2020. "Why Are People Honest? Internal and External Motivations to Report Honestly†," Contemporary Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 37(2), pages 945-981, June.
    8. Deore, Aishwarrya & Gallani, Susanna & Krishnan, Ranjani, 2023. "The effect of systems of management controls on honesty in managerial reporting," Accounting, Organizations and Society, Elsevier, vol. 105(C).

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