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Extremal Depth for Functional Data and Applications

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  • Naveen N. Narisetty
  • Vijayan N. Nair

Abstract

We propose a new notion called “extremal depth” (ED) for functional data, discuss its properties, and compare its performance with existing concepts. The proposed notion is based on a measure of extreme “outlyingness.” ED has several desirable properties that are not shared by other notions and is especially well suited for obtaining central regions of functional data and function spaces. In particular: (a) the central region achieves the nominal (desired) simultaneous coverage probability; (b) there is a correspondence between ED-based (simultaneous) central regions and appropriate pointwise central regions; and (c) the method is resistant to certain classes of functional outliers. The article examines the performance of ED and compares it with other depth notions. Its usefulness is demonstrated through applications to constructing central regions, functional boxplots, outlier detection, and simultaneous confidence bands in regression problems. Supplementary materials for this article are available online.

Suggested Citation

  • Naveen N. Narisetty & Vijayan N. Nair, 2016. "Extremal Depth for Functional Data and Applications," Journal of the American Statistical Association, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 111(516), pages 1705-1714, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:taf:jnlasa:v:111:y:2016:i:516:p:1705-1714
    DOI: 10.1080/01621459.2015.1110033
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    Cited by:

    1. Daniel Kosiorowski & Jerzy P. Rydlewski, 2020. "Centrality-oriented causality. A study of EU agricultural subsidies and digital developement in Poland," Operations Research and Decisions, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Management, vol. 30(3), pages 47-63.
    2. Kateřina Koňasová & Jiří Dvořák, 2021. "Stochastic Reconstruction for Inhomogeneous Point Patterns," Methodology and Computing in Applied Probability, Springer, vol. 23(2), pages 527-547, June.
    3. Zhou, Xinyu & Ma, Yijia & Wu, Wei, 2023. "Statistical depth for point process via the isometric log-ratio transformation," Computational Statistics & Data Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 187(C).
    4. Kyunghee Han & Pantelis Z Hadjipantelis & Jane-Ling Wang & Michael S Kramer & Seungmi Yang & Richard M Martin & Hans-Georg Müller, 2018. "Functional principal component analysis for identifying multivariate patterns and archetypes of growth, and their association with long-term cognitive development," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 13(11), pages 1-18, November.
    5. Jiří Dvořák & Tomáš Mrkvička, 2022. "Graphical tests of independence for general distributions," Computational Statistics, Springer, vol. 37(2), pages 671-699, April.
    6. Carlo Sguera & Sara López-Pintado, 2021. "A notion of depth for sparse functional data," TEST: An Official Journal of the Spanish Society of Statistics and Operations Research, Springer;Sociedad de Estadística e Investigación Operativa, vol. 30(3), pages 630-649, September.
    7. Dai, Wenlin & Genton, Marc G., 2019. "Directional outlyingness for multivariate functional data," Computational Statistics & Data Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 131(C), pages 50-65.
    8. Xu, Xiuqin & Chen, Ying & Goude, Yannig & Yao, Qiwei, 2021. "Day-ahead probabilistic forecasting for French half-hourly electricity loads and quantiles for curve-to-curve regression," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 120774, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
    9. Dai, Wenlin & Mrkvička, Tomáš & Sun, Ying & Genton, Marc G., 2020. "Functional outlier detection and taxonomy by sequential transformations," Computational Statistics & Data Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 149(C).
    10. Xu, Xiuqin & Chen, Ying & Goude, Yannig & Yao, Qiwei, 2021. "Day-ahead probabilistic forecasting for French half-hourly electricity loads and quantiles for curve-to-curve regression," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 301(C).
    11. Kosiorowski Daniel & Jerzy P. Rydlewski, 2019. "Centrality-oriented Causality -- A Study of EU Agricultural Subsidies and Digital Developement in Poland," Papers 1908.11099, arXiv.org, revised Sep 2019.
    12. Nagy, Stanislav & Ferraty, Frédéric, 2019. "Data depth for measurable noisy random functions," Journal of Multivariate Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 170(C), pages 95-114.
    13. Ghorbani, Mohammad & Vafaei, Nafiseh & Dvořák, Jiří & Myllymäki, Mari, 2021. "Testing the first-order separability hypothesis for spatio-temporal point patterns," Computational Statistics & Data Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 161(C).
    14. Oluwasegun Taiwo Ojo & Antonio Fernández Anta & Rosa E. Lillo & Carlo Sguera, 2022. "Detecting and classifying outliers in big functional data," Advances in Data Analysis and Classification, Springer;German Classification Society - Gesellschaft für Klassifikation (GfKl);Japanese Classification Society (JCS);Classification and Data Analysis Group of the Italian Statistical Society (CLADAG);International Federation of Classification Societies (IFCS), vol. 16(3), pages 725-760, September.
    15. Diquigiovanni, Jacopo & Fontana, Matteo & Vantini, Simone, 2022. "Conformal prediction bands for multivariate functional data," Journal of Multivariate Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 189(C).

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