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Urban Rainwater Utilization and its Role in Mitigating Urban Waterlogging Problems—A Case Study in Nanjing, China

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  • Xingqi Zhang
  • Maochuan Hu
  • Gang Chen
  • Youpeng Xu

Abstract

With the acceleration of the urbanization process, urban waterlogging problems are becoming more and more serious in Nanjing, China. In order to mitigate the urban waterlogging problems, it is necessary to reduce surface runoff from the source by rainwater harvesting and utilization. An urban residential district with an area of 0.58 km 2 in Nanjing was selected as the study area. Based on a large-scale topographic map data and the long term rainfall data (1951–2008), the types of underlying surfaces were classified. The potentiality of collectable rainwater and the possibility of runoff volume reduction were calculated. The results showed that exploitation of rainwater harvesting from rooftops and other underlying surfaces has high potential. The annual collectable rainwater is approximately 372,284 m 3 , 314,034 m 3 and 275,180 m 3 under different cumulative frequency of rainfall at 20 %, 50 % and 75 %, respectively. The total capacity of cisterns under assumptions of return period of rainfall and rainfall duration with 5 years and 20 min is 11,022 m 3 . The cistern’s capacity which is used for roof rainwater harvesting is 4,083 m 3 , the cistern capacity for per unit roof area (1 m 2 ) is 0.0267 m 3 . The results of the feasibility analysis of setting up above-ground cisterns showed that 55 % of the total roof areas in the study area are available for setting up cisterns. In the three building types, 16 % of the commercial building’s roof areas and 77 % of that of the residential and the “others” buildings are available for setting up cisterns. Urban waterlogging problems can be effectively reduced through rainwater harvesting by 13.9 %, 30.2 % and 57.7 % of runoff volume reduction in three cases of the maximum daily rainfall (207.2 mm), the average annual maximum daily rainfall (95.5 mm) and the critical rainfall of rainstorm (50 mm). Copyright Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2012

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  • Xingqi Zhang & Maochuan Hu & Gang Chen & Youpeng Xu, 2012. "Urban Rainwater Utilization and its Role in Mitigating Urban Waterlogging Problems—A Case Study in Nanjing, China," Water Resources Management: An International Journal, Published for the European Water Resources Association (EWRA), Springer;European Water Resources Association (EWRA), vol. 26(13), pages 3757-3766, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:spr:waterr:v:26:y:2012:i:13:p:3757-3766
    DOI: 10.1007/s11269-012-0101-6
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    4. Jing, Xueer & Zhang, Shouhong & Zhang, Jianjun & Wang, Yujie & Wang, Yunqi, 2017. "Assessing efficiency and economic viability of rainwater harvesting systems for meeting non-potable water demands in four climatic zones of China," Resources, Conservation & Recycling, Elsevier, vol. 126(C), pages 74-85.
    5. Yiqing Dai & Jiwang Jiang & Xingyu Gu & Yanjing Zhao & Fujian Ni, 2020. "Sustainable Urban Street Comprising Permeable Pavement and Bioretention Facilities: A Practice," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(19), pages 1-14, October.
    6. Enedir Ghisi & Pedro Schondermark, 2013. "Investment Feasibility Analysis of Rainwater Use in Residences," Water Resources Management: An International Journal, Published for the European Water Resources Association (EWRA), Springer;European Water Resources Association (EWRA), vol. 27(7), pages 2555-2576, May.
    7. Huafei Yu & Yaolong Zhao & Yingchun Fu, 2019. "Optimization of Impervious Surface Space Layout for Prevention of Urban Rainstorm Waterlogging: A Case Study of Guangzhou, China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(19), pages 1-28, September.
    8. Lúcio Proença & Enedir Ghisi, 2013. "Assessment of Potable Water Savings in Office Buildings Considering Embodied Energy," Water Resources Management: An International Journal, Published for the European Water Resources Association (EWRA), Springer;European Water Resources Association (EWRA), vol. 27(2), pages 581-599, January.
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    11. Daniela Ducci & Mariangela Sellerino, 2015. "Groundwater Mass Balance in Urbanized Areas Estimated by a Groundwater Flow Model Based on a 3D Hydrostratigraphical Model: the Case Study of the Eastern Plain of Naples (Italy)," Water Resources Management: An International Journal, Published for the European Water Resources Association (EWRA), Springer;European Water Resources Association (EWRA), vol. 29(12), pages 4319-4333, September.
    12. Anna Musz-Pomorska & Marcin K. Widomski & Justyna Gołębiowska, 2020. "Financial Sustainability of Selected Rain Water Harvesting Systems for Single-Family House under Conditions of Eastern Poland," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(12), pages 1-16, June.
    13. Iman Saeedi & Mohsen Goodarzi, 2020. "Rainwater harvesting system: a sustainable method for landscape development in semiarid regions, the case of Malayer University campus in Iran," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 22(2), pages 1579-1598, February.
    14. Xingqi Zhang & Xinya Guo & Maochuan Hu, 2016. "Hydrological effect of typical low impact development approaches in a residential district," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 80(1), pages 389-400, January.
    15. Jingyi Gao & Osamu Murao & Xuanda Pei & Yitong Dong, 2022. "Identifying Evacuation Needs and Resources Based on Volunteered Geographic Information: A Case of the Rainstorm in July 2021, Zhengzhou, China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(23), pages 1-21, November.
    16. Qingyu Huang & Jun Wang & Mengya Li & Moli Fei & Jungang Dong, 2017. "Modeling the influence of urbanization on urban pluvial flooding: a scenario-based case study in Shanghai, China," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 87(2), pages 1035-1055, June.
    17. Gabriel Yoshino & Lindemberg Fernandes & Júnior Ishihara & Adnilson Silva, 2014. "Use of rainwater for non-potable purposes in the Amazon," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 16(2), pages 431-442, April.
    18. Yan-Fang Sang & Moyuan Yang, 2017. "Urban waterlogs control in China: more effective strategies and actions are needed," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 85(2), pages 1291-1294, January.
    19. Xingqi Zhang & Maochuan Hu, 2014. "Effectiveness of Rainwater Harvesting in Runoff Volume Reduction in a Planned Industrial Park, China," Water Resources Management: An International Journal, Published for the European Water Resources Association (EWRA), Springer;European Water Resources Association (EWRA), vol. 28(3), pages 671-682, February.

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