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An extended period modeling of water supply systems using hydraulic simulators

Author

Listed:
  • Chidozie Charles Nnaji

    (University of Nigeria
    University of Johannesburg)

  • Oloche Robert Ekwule

    (Federal University of Agriculture)

  • Cyrus Nnaji

    (University of Nigeria)

Abstract

Operators and managers of water supply systems (WSS) are now more concerned with the periodic pattern of water usage throughout the day (24 h) due to scarcity of resources. Hence, this study focuses on using the EPANET and WaterCAD simulators to perform hydraulic simulations of Calabar metropolis’s water supply system (WSS) in the extended period simulation (EPS) mode. The results of EPANET and WaterCAD were statistically compared using analysis of variance (ANOVA). With a p value of 0.54–0.99, the results showed no significant difference between the values predicted using both simulators for each and every hydraulic parameter. However, there were changes in the hydraulic parameters coming from the time patterns when comparing anticipated values for the extended period (6 am, 12 pm, 6 pm, and 12 am). The highest-pressure violation of the system’s minimum pressure criterion is 34% during the most crucial demand hour (6 am). In addition, (98%) of the system flow rate was above the 0.15 PLS specified for the system, while 100% of the velocity dropped below the system’s approved minimum limit. As a result, the WSS may become clogged, decreasing overall system performance. The system requires strengthening for effective performance under different demand patterns. Graphical abstract

Suggested Citation

  • Chidozie Charles Nnaji & Oloche Robert Ekwule & Cyrus Nnaji, 2025. "An extended period modeling of water supply systems using hydraulic simulators," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 27(6), pages 12797-12825, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:spr:endesu:v:27:y:2025:i:6:d:10.1007_s10668-023-04431-2
    DOI: 10.1007/s10668-023-04431-2
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