IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/plo/pone00/0294533.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Groundwater quality characterization using an integrated water quality index and multivariate statistical techniques

Author

Listed:
  • Vinay Kumar Gautam
  • Mahesh Kothari
  • Baqer Al-Ramadan
  • Pradeep Kumar Singh
  • Harsh Upadhyay
  • Chaitanya B Pande
  • Fahad Alshehri
  • Zaher Mundher Yaseen

Abstract

This study attempts to characterize and interpret the groundwater quality (GWQ) using a GIS environment and multivariate statistical approach (MSA) for the Jakham River Basin (JRB) in Southern Rajasthan. In this paper, analysis of various statistical indicators such as the Water Quality Index (WQI) and multivariate statistical methods, i.e., principal component analysis and correspondence analysis (PCA and CA), were implemented on the pre and post-monsoon water quality datasets. All these methods help identify the most critical factor in controlling GWQ for potable water. In pre-monsoon (PRM) and post-monsoon (POM) seasons, the computed value of WQI has ranged between 28.28 to 116.74 and from 29.49 to 111.98, respectively. As per the GIS-based WQI findings, 63.42 percent of the groundwater samples during the PRM season and 42.02 percent during the POM were classed as ‘good’ and could be consumed for drinking. The Principal component analysis (PCA) is a suitable tool for simplification of the evaluation process in water quality analysis. The PCA correlation matrix defines the relation among the water quality parameters, which helps to detect the natural or anthropogenic influence on sub-surface water. The finding of PCA’s factor analysis shows the impact of geological and human intervention, as increased levels of EC, TDS, Na+, Cl-, HCO3-, F-, and SO42- on potable water. In this study, hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) was used to categories the WQ parameters for PRM and POR seasons using the Ward technique. The research outcomes of this study can be used as baseline data for GWQ development activities and protect human health from water-borne diseases in the southern region of Rajasthan.

Suggested Citation

  • Vinay Kumar Gautam & Mahesh Kothari & Baqer Al-Ramadan & Pradeep Kumar Singh & Harsh Upadhyay & Chaitanya B Pande & Fahad Alshehri & Zaher Mundher Yaseen, 2024. "Groundwater quality characterization using an integrated water quality index and multivariate statistical techniques," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 19(2), pages 1-23, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:plo:pone00:0294533
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0294533
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0294533
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0294533&type=printable
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1371/journal.pone.0294533?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Vinay Kumar Gautam & Chaitanya B. Pande & Kanak N. Moharir & Abhay M. Varade & Nitin Liladhar Rane & Johnbosco C. Egbueri & Fahad Alshehri, 2023. "Prediction of Sodium Hazard of Irrigation Purpose using Artificial Neural Network Modelling," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(9), pages 1-17, May.
    2. Lirong Yin & Lei Wang & Tingqiao Li & Siyu Lu & Zhengtong Yin & Xuan Liu & Xiaolu Li & Wenfeng Zheng, 2023. "U-Net-STN: A Novel End-to-End Lake Boundary Prediction Model," Land, MDPI, vol. 12(8), pages 1-23, August.
    3. Lirong Yin & Lei Wang & Jianqiang Li & Siyu Lu & Jiawei Tian & Zhengtong Yin & Shan Liu & Wenfeng Zheng, 2023. "YOLOV4_CSPBi: Enhanced Land Target Detection Model," Land, MDPI, vol. 12(9), pages 1-17, September.
    4. Lirong Yin & Lei Wang & Tingqiao Li & Siyu Lu & Jiawei Tian & Zhengtong Yin & Xiaolu Li & Wenfeng Zheng, 2023. "U-Net-LSTM: Time Series-Enhanced Lake Boundary Prediction Model," Land, MDPI, vol. 12(10), pages 1-18, September.
    5. Naser Shiri & Jalal Shiri & Zaher Mundher Yaseen & Sungwon Kim & Il-Moon Chung & Vahid Nourani & Mohammad Zounemat-Kermani, 2021. "Development of artificial intelligence models for well groundwater quality simulation: Different modeling scenarios," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 16(5), pages 1-24, May.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Elsadek, Elsayed Ahmed & Zhang, Ke & Hamoud, Yousef Alhaj & Mousa, Ahmed & Awad, Ahmed & Abdallah, Mohammed & Shaghaleh, Hiba & Hamad, Amar Ali Adam & Jamil, Muhammad Tahir & Elbeltagi, Ahmed, 2024. "Impacts of climate change on rice yields in the Nile River Delta of Egypt: A large-scale projection analysis based on CMIP6," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 292(C).
    2. Anwar Hussain & Masoud Reihanifar & Rizwan Niaz & Olayan Albalawi & Mohsen Maghrebi & Abdelkader T. Ahmed & Ali Danandeh Mehr, 2024. "Characterizing Inter-Seasonal Meteorological Drought Using Random Effect Logistic Regression," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(19), pages 1-20, September.
    3. Mohammed, Safwan & Arshad, Sana & Bashir, Bashar & Vad, Attila & Alsalman, Abdullah & Harsányi, Endre, 2024. "Machine learning driven forecasts of agricultural water quality from rainfall ionic characteristics in Central Europe," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 293(C).
    4. Bashar Bashir & Abdullah Alsalman, 2024. "Morphometric and Soil Erosion Characterization Based on Geospatial Analysis and Drainage Basin Prioritization of the Rabigh Area Along the Eastern Red Sea Coastal Plain, Saudi Arabia," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(20), pages 1-26, October.
    5. Prosenjit Barman & Sheikh Mustak & Monika Kuffer & Sudhir Kumar Singh, 2023. "Transfer-Ensemble Learning: A Novel Approach for Mapping Urban Land Use/Cover of the Indian Metropolitans," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(24), pages 1-26, December.
    6. Bagher Shirmohammadi & Arash Malekian & Saeid Varamesh & Abolfazl Jaafari & Javad Abdolahi & Saeed Shahbazikia & Mohammad Mohsenzadeh, 2024. "How can biomechanical measures incorporate climate change adaptation into disaster risk reduction and ecosystem sustainability?," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 120(9), pages 8323-8336, July.
    7. Mohammed Benaafi & Mohamed A. Yassin & A. G. Usman & S. I. Abba, 2022. "Neurocomputing Modelling of Hydrochemical and Physical Properties of Groundwater Coupled with Spatial Clustering, GIS, and Statistical Techniques," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(4), pages 1-21, February.
    8. Samuel Bimenyimana & Chen Wang & Godwin Norense Osarumwense Asemota & Jeanne Paula Ihirwe & Mucyo Ndera Tuyizere & Fidele Mwizerwa & Yiyi Mo & Martine Abiyese, 2024. "Geospatial Analysis of Wind Energy Siting Suitability in the East African Community," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(4), pages 1-32, February.
    9. Wenyi Hu & Xiaomeng Jiang & Jiawei Tian & Shitong Ye & Shan Liu, 2025. "Land Target Detection Algorithm in Remote Sensing Images Based on Deep Learning," Land, MDPI, vol. 14(5), pages 1-26, May.
    10. Arun Pratap Mishra & Sipu Kumar & Rounak Patra & Amit Kumar & Himanshu Sahu & Naveen Chandra & Chaitanya B. Pande & Fahad Alshehri, 2023. "Physicochemical Parameters of Water and Its Implications on Avifauna and Habitat Quality," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(12), pages 1-17, June.
    11. Dongping Li & Qingquan Tan & Zhiyi Tong & Jingfei Yin & Min Li & Huanyu Li & Haiqing Sun, 2024. "Rapid determination of seismic influence field based on mobile communication big data—A case study of the Luding Ms 6.8 earthquake in Sichuan, China," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 19(5), pages 1-22, May.
    12. Naseem Ahmad & Muhammad Shafique & Mian Luqman Hussain & Fakhrul Islam & Aqil Tariq & Walid Soufan, 2024. "Characterization and Geomorphic Change Detection of Landslides Using UAV Multi-Temporal Imagery in the Himalayas, Pakistan," Land, MDPI, vol. 13(7), pages 1-26, June.
    13. Yesen Sun & Hong-liang Dai & Lei Xu & Abed Asaditaleshi & Atefeh Ahmadi Dehrashid & Rana Muhammad Adnan Ikram & Hossein Moayedi & Hossein Ahmadi Dehrashid & Quynh T. Thi, 2025. "Development of the artificial neural network’s swarm-based approaches predicting East Azerbaijan landslide susceptibility mapping," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 27(3), pages 6065-6102, March.
    14. Ruiyang Wang & Siyu Lu & Jiawei Tian & Lirong Yin & Lei Wang & Xiaobing Chen & Wenfeng Zheng, 2024. "CGBi_YOLO: Lightweight Land Target Detection Network," Land, MDPI, vol. 13(12), pages 1-19, November.
    15. Longqing Liu & Shidong Zhang & Wenshu Liu & Hongjiao Qu & Luo Guo, 2024. "Spatiotemporal Changes and Simulation Prediction of Ecological Security Pattern on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau Based on Deep Learning," Land, MDPI, vol. 13(7), pages 1-20, July.
    16. Mohammed Falah Allawi & Sinan Q. Salih & Murizah Kassim & Majeed Mattar Ramal & Abdulrahman S. Mohammed & Zaher Mundher Yaseen, 2022. "Application of Computational Model Based Probabilistic Neural Network for Surface Water Quality Prediction," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 10(21), pages 1-18, October.
    17. Ziaul Haq Doost & Zaher Mundher Yaseen, 2025. "The impact of land use and land cover on groundwater fluctuations using remote sensing and geographical information system: Representative case study in Afghanistan," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 27(4), pages 9515-9538, April.
    18. Minhao Zhang & Zhiyu Zhang & Xuan Wang & Zhenliang Liao & Lijin Wang, 2024. "The Use of Attention-Enhanced CNN-LSTM Models for Multi-Indicator and Time-Series Predictions of Surface Water Quality," Water Resources Management: An International Journal, Published for the European Water Resources Association (EWRA), Springer;European Water Resources Association (EWRA), vol. 38(15), pages 6103-6119, December.
    19. Yahi Takai Eddine & Marouf Nadir & Sehtal Sabah & Abolfazl Jaafari, 2024. "Integrating Support Vector Machines with Different Ensemble Learners for Improving Streamflow Simulation in an Ungauged Watershed," Water Resources Management: An International Journal, Published for the European Water Resources Association (EWRA), Springer;European Water Resources Association (EWRA), vol. 38(2), pages 553-567, January.
    20. Muhammad Rashid & Saif Haider & Muhammad Umer Masood & Chaitanya B. Pande & Abebe Debele Tolche & Fahad Alshehri & Romulus Costache & Ismail Elkhrachy, 2023. "Sustainable Water Management for Small Farmers with Center-Pivot Irrigation: A Hydraulic and Structural Design Perspective," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(23), pages 1-29, November.

    More about this item

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:plo:pone00:0294533. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: plosone (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/ .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.