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Unraveling the Relationships between Ecosystems and Human Wellbeing in Spain

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  • Fernando Santos-Martín
  • Berta Martín-López
  • Marina García-Llorente
  • Mateo Aguado
  • Javier Benayas
  • Carlos Montes

Abstract

National ecosystem assessments provide evidence on the status and trends of biodiversity, ecosystem conditions, and the delivery of ecosystem services to society. I this study, we analyze the complex relationships established between ecosystems and human systems in Spain through the combination of Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response framework and structural equation models. Firstly, to operationalize the framework, we selected 53 national scale indicators that provide accurate, long-term information on each of the components. Secondly, structural equation models were performed to understand the relationships among the components of the framework. Trend indicators have shown an overall progressive biodiversity loss, trade-offs between provisioning and cultural services associated with urban areas vs. regulating and cultural services associated with rural areas, a decoupling effect between material and non-material dimensions of human wellbeing, a rapid growing trend of conservation responses in recent years and a constant growing linear trend of direct or indirect drivers of change. Results also show that all the components analyzed in the model are strongly related. On one hand, the model shows that biodiversity erosion negatively affect the supply of regulating services, while it is positively related with the increase of provisioning service delivery. On the other hand, the most important relationship found in the model is the effect of pressures on biodiversity loss, indicating that response options for conserving nature cannot counteract the effect of the drivers of change. These results suggest that there is an insufficient institutional response to address the underlying causes (indirect drivers of change) of biodiversity loos in Spain. We conclude that more structural changes are required in the Spanish institutional framework to reach 2020 biodiversity conservation international targets.

Suggested Citation

  • Fernando Santos-Martín & Berta Martín-López & Marina García-Llorente & Mateo Aguado & Javier Benayas & Carlos Montes, 2013. "Unraveling the Relationships between Ecosystems and Human Wellbeing in Spain," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 8(9), pages 1-12, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:plo:pone00:0073249
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073249
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    2. Ranran Liu & Xiaobin Dong & Peng Zhang & Ying Zhang & Xiaowan Wang & Ya Gao, 2020. "Study on the Sustainable Development of an Arid Basin Based on the Coupling Process of Ecosystem Health and Human Wellbeing Under Land Use Change—A Case Study in the Manas River Basin, Xinjiang, China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(3), pages 1-25, February.
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    4. Maldonado, A.D. & Aguilera, P.A. & Salmerón, A. & Nicholson, A.E., 2018. "Probabilistic modeling of the relationship between socioeconomy and ecosystem services in cultural landscapes," Ecosystem Services, Elsevier, vol. 33(PB), pages 146-164.
    5. Aguado, Mateo & González, José A. & Bellott, Kr'sna & López-Santiago, César & Montes, Carlos, 2018. "Exploring subjective well-being and ecosystem services perception along a rural–urban gradient in the high Andes of Ecuador," Ecosystem Services, Elsevier, vol. 34(PA), pages 1-10.
    6. Sara Mingorría & Gonzalo Gamboa & Berta Martín-López & Esteve Corbera, 2014. "The oil palm boom: socio-economic implications for Q’eqchi’ households in the Polochic valley, Guatemala," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 16(4), pages 841-871, August.
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    8. Ghermandi, Andrea & Obura, David & Knudsen, Camilla & Nunes, Paulo A.L.D., 2019. "Marine ecosystem services in the Northern Mozambique Channel: A geospatial and socio-economic analysis for policy support," Ecosystem Services, Elsevier, vol. 35(C), pages 1-12.
    9. Bieling, Claudia & Plieninger, Tobias & Pirker, Heidemarie & Vogl, Christian R., 2014. "Linkages between landscapes and human well-being: An empirical exploration with short interviews," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 105(C), pages 19-30.
    10. Muñoz-Ulecia, E. & Bernués, A. & Casasús, I. & Olaizola, A.M. & Lobón, S. & Martín-Collado, D., 2021. "Drivers of change in mountain agriculture: A thirty-year analysis of trajectories of evolution of cattle farming systems in the Spanish Pyrenees," Agricultural Systems, Elsevier, vol. 186(C).
    11. Forson, Joseph Ato, 2014. "A “Recursive Framework” of Corruption and Development: Comparison between Economic and Sustainable outcomes," MPRA Paper 102211, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 10 Nov 2016.
    12. Bagella, Simonetta & Caria, Maria Carmela & Seddaiu, Giovanna & Leites, Laura & Roggero, Pier Paolo, 2020. "Patchy landscapes support more plant diversity and ecosystem services than wood grasslands in Mediterranean silvopastoral agroforestry systems," Agricultural Systems, Elsevier, vol. 185(C).
    13. Tobias Plieninger & Cang Hui & Mirijam Gaertner & Lynn Huntsinger, 2014. "The Impact of Land Abandonment on Species Richness and Abundance in the Mediterranean Basin: A Meta-Analysis," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 9(5), pages 1-12, May.
    14. Liming Zhang & Bing Xue & Yong Geng & Wanxia Ren & Chengpeng Lu, 2014. "Emergy-Based City’s Sustainability and Decoupling Assessment: Indicators, Features and Findings," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 6(2), pages 1-15, February.
    15. Jing Zhang & Xueming Li & Tongliga Bao & Zhenghai Li & Chong Liu & Yuan Xu, 2021. "Linking Demographic Factors, Land Use, Ecosystem Services, and Human Well-Being: Insights from an Sandy Landscape, Uxin in Inner Mongolia, China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(9), pages 1-16, April.
    16. Kosanic, Aleksandra & Petzold, Jan, 2020. "A systematic review of cultural ecosystem services and human wellbeing," Ecosystem Services, Elsevier, vol. 45(C).

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