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Gender Differentials in the Cost of Primary Education: A Study of Pakistan

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  • Zafar H. Ismail

    (Social Policy and Development Centre, Karachi.)

Abstract

The paper examines the differences in the cost of primary education by gender and by province. It shows that the growth in enrolment outstrips the growth in the relevant population cohort, except in Sindh, and that this is faster in the case of girls than boys; that the school construction programme for girls in Sindh, unlike other provinces, outstrips the growth in female teacher employment. This is also seen in the boys’ school in Pakistan. Cost of providing education are a function of the availability of teachers and schools, opportunity cost of employment, urbanisation and female literacy. The growth in both recurring and capital outlays and in output costs per student are higher for girls and boys except in Balochistan. Using a pooled time series and analysis the paper concludes that there is an optimal level for the availability of schools per 1000 population [6.02 and 5.67 respectively for girls and boys in the Punjab and 3.88 for boys in NWFP and Balochistan] and for the number of teachers per 1000 students [7.69 for girls and 3.36 for boys]. It suggests the policy prescription to reallocate resources to employing more teachers for boys for greater cost effectiveness.

Suggested Citation

  • Zafar H. Ismail, 1996. "Gender Differentials in the Cost of Primary Education: A Study of Pakistan," The Pakistan Development Review, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, vol. 35(4), pages 835-849.
    • Handle: RePEc:pid:journl:v:35:y:1996:i:4:p:835-849
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    File URL: http://www.pide.org.pk/pdf/PDR/1996/Volume4/835-849.pdf
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Zafar H. Ismail & Hafiz A. Pasha & A. Rauf Khan, 1994. "Cost Effectiveness in Primary Education: A Study of Pakistan," The Pakistan Development Review, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, vol. 33(4), pages 1169-1180.
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    Cited by:

    1. Sawada, Yasayuki & Lokshin, Michael, 2001. "Household schooling decisions in rural Pakistan," Policy Research Working Paper Series 2541, The World Bank.
    2. Musharraf Cyan & Mark Rider & Michael Price & Stephanie J. Roberts, 2019. "What Accounts for the Education Gender Gap in Pakistan’s Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province?," International Center for Public Policy Working Paper Series, at AYSPS, GSU paper1906, International Center for Public Policy, Andrew Young School of Policy Studies, Georgia State University.
    3. Musharraf Cyan & Michael Price & Mark Rider & Stephanie J. Roberts, 2017. "Does a Modest Stipend Encourage Girls to Attend School beyond the 5th Class: Evidence from the Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa Province of Pakistan?," International Center for Public Policy Working Paper Series, at AYSPS, GSU paper1707, International Center for Public Policy, Andrew Young School of Policy Studies, Georgia State University.

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