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Solvent engineering enables tin-lead perovskite films with long carrier diffusion lengths and reduced tin segregation

Author

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  • Sheng Li

    (Wuhan University
    Wuhan Institute of Quantum Technology)

  • Xiaotian Yang

    (Wuhan University)

  • Siyang Cheng

    (Wuhan University
    Wuhan Institute of Quantum Technology)

  • Yujie Yang

    (Wuhan University)

  • Hao Li

    (Wuhan University)

  • Zhuo Zheng

    (Wuhan University
    Wuhan Institute of Quantum Technology)

  • Mubai Li

    (Wuhan University)

  • Qiuhan Yu

    (Wuhan University)

  • Shengjun Yuan

    (Wuhan University
    Wuhan Institute of Quantum Technology)

  • Qianqian Lin

    (Wuhan University)

  • Zhiping Wang

    (Wuhan University
    Wuhan Institute of Quantum Technology)

Abstract

All-perovskite tandem solar cells offer great promise for achieving low levelized cost of electricity, but their performance remains limited by insufficient near-infrared photon absorption in narrow bandgap tin-lead (Sn-Pb) subcells. Micron-thick Sn-Pb layers are essential for maximizing absorption, yet high-concentration precursor solutions often cause non-uniform crystallization, stoichiometric imbalance and limited carrier diffusion lengths. Here we identify the root cause of these limitations as the insufficient coordination of tin(II) iodide (SnI2) in conventional dimethylformamide (DMF)/dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) binary solvent system at high precursor concentrations, resulting in Sn-rich colloids that nucleate detrimental Sn-rich phases in final films. To address this, we develop a ternary solvent system that fully coordinates with SnI2, suppressing Sn-rich phases and enabling stoichiometric, micron-thick Sn-Pb films with carrier diffusion lengths of ~11 μm. The enhanced Sn-Pb absorber achieves efficiencies of 24.2% in single-junction cells and 29.3% in tandem devices, along with significantly improved long-term operational stability.

Suggested Citation

  • Sheng Li & Xiaotian Yang & Siyang Cheng & Yujie Yang & Hao Li & Zhuo Zheng & Mubai Li & Qiuhan Yu & Shengjun Yuan & Qianqian Lin & Zhiping Wang, 2025. "Solvent engineering enables tin-lead perovskite films with long carrier diffusion lengths and reduced tin segregation," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 16(1), pages 1-10, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:nat:natcom:v:16:y:2025:i:1:d:10.1038_s41467-025-63532-w
    DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-63532-w
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