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Double-Cycling Strategies for Container Ships and Their Effect on Ship Loading and Unloading Operations

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  • Anne V. Goodchild

    (Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 121E More Hall, Box 352700, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-2700)

  • Carlos F. Daganzo

    (Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 416A McLaughlin Hall, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720)

Abstract

Loading ships as they are unloaded (double cycling) can improve the efficiency of a quay crane and container port. This paper describes the double-cycling problem, and presents solution algorithms and simple formulae to determine reductions in the number of operations and operating time using the technique. We focus on reducing the number of operations necessary to turn around a row of a ship. The problem is first formulated as a scheduling problem, which can be solved optimally. A simple lower bound for all strategies is then developed. We also present a greedy algorithm that yields a simple and tight upper bound. The gap between the upper and lower bounds is so small that the formula for either bound is an accurate predictor of crane performance. The analysis is then extended to double cycling when ships have deck hatches. Results are presented for many simulated vessels, and compared to empirical data from a real-world trial. The research demonstrates that double cycling can create significant efficiency gains in crane productivity, typically reducing the number of cycles by about 20% and the operational time by about 10% when double cycling only below deck.

Suggested Citation

  • Anne V. Goodchild & Carlos F. Daganzo, 2006. "Double-Cycling Strategies for Container Ships and Their Effect on Ship Loading and Unloading Operations," Transportation Science, INFORMS, vol. 40(4), pages 473-483, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:inm:ortrsc:v:40:y:2006:i:4:p:473-483
    DOI: 10.1287/trsc.1060.0148
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    Cited by:

    1. Choi, Byung-Cheon & Briskorn, Dirk & Lee, Kangbok & Leung, Joseph & Pinedo, Michael, 2008. "Allocating containers to ships with fixed departure times," Manuskripte aus den Instituten für Betriebswirtschaftslehre der Universität Kiel 641, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Institut für Betriebswirtschaftslehre.
    2. Liu, Ming & Chu, Feng & Zhang, Zizhen & Chu, Chengbin, 2015. "A polynomial-time heuristic for the quay crane double-cycling problem with internal-reshuffling operations," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 81(C), pages 52-74.
    3. Ulf Speer & Kathrin Fischer, 2017. "Scheduling of Different Automated Yard Crane Systems at Container Terminals," Transportation Science, INFORMS, vol. 51(1), pages 305-324, February.
    4. Di Luan & Mingjing Zhao & Qianru Zhao & Nan Wang, 2021. "Modelling of integrated scheduling problem of capacitated equipment systems with a multi-lane road network," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 16(6), pages 1-38, June.
    5. Iris F. A. Vis & Hector J. Carlo, 2010. "Sequencing Two Cooperating Automated Stacking Cranes in a Container Terminal," Transportation Science, INFORMS, vol. 44(2), pages 169-182, May.
    6. Kang, Seungmo & Medina, Juan C. & Ouyang, Yanfeng, 2008. "Optimal operations of transportation fleet for unloading activities at container ports," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 42(10), pages 970-984, December.
    7. Anne Ehleiter & Florian Jaehn, 2018. "Scheduling crossover cranes at container terminals during seaside peak times," Journal of Heuristics, Springer, vol. 24(6), pages 899-932, December.
    8. Jia, Beizhen & Tierney, Kevin & Reinhardt, Line Blander & Pahl, Julia, 2022. "Optimal dual cycling operations in roll-on roll-off terminals," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 159(C).
    9. Cheng Hong & Yufang Guo & Yuhong Wang & Tingting Li, 2023. "The Integrated Scheduling Optimization for Container Handling by Using Driverless Electric Truck in Automated Container Terminal," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(6), pages 1-22, March.
    10. Goodchild, A.V. & Daganzo, C.F., 2007. "Crane double cycling in container ports: Planning methods and evaluation," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 41(8), pages 875-891, October.
    11. Evrim Ursavas, 2017. "Crane allocation with stability considerations," Maritime Economics & Logistics, Palgrave Macmillan;International Association of Maritime Economists (IAME), vol. 19(2), pages 379-401, June.
    12. Bierwirth, Christian & Meisel, Frank, 2015. "A follow-up survey of berth allocation and quay crane scheduling problems in container terminals," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 244(3), pages 675-689.
    13. Luo, Jiabin & Wu, Yue, 2015. "Modelling of dual-cycle strategy for container storage and vehicle scheduling problems at automated container terminals," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 79(C), pages 49-64.
    14. Feifeng Zheng & Yaxin Pang & Ming Liu & Yinfeng Xu, 2020. "Dynamic programming algorithms for the general quay crane double-cycling problem with internal-reshuffles," Journal of Combinatorial Optimization, Springer, vol. 39(3), pages 708-724, April.
    15. Bierwirth, Christian & Meisel, Frank, 2010. "A survey of berth allocation and quay crane scheduling problems in container terminals," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 202(3), pages 615-627, May.
    16. Chung-Yee Lee & Ming Liu & Chengbin Chu, 2015. "Optimal Algorithm for the General Quay Crane Double-Cycling Problem," Transportation Science, INFORMS, vol. 49(4), pages 957-967, November.
    17. Yanling Chu & Xiaoju Zhang & Zhongzhen Yang, 2017. "Multiple quay cranes scheduling for double cycling in container terminals," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 12(7), pages 1-19, July.
    18. Dusan Ku & Tiru S. Arthanari, 2016. "On double cycling for container port productivity improvement," Annals of Operations Research, Springer, vol. 243(1), pages 55-70, August.
    19. Roy, D. & de Koster, M.B.M., 2015. "Stochastic Modeling of Unloading and Loading Operations at a Container Terminal using Automated Lifting Vehicles," ERIM Report Series Research in Management ERS-2015-005-LIS, Erasmus Research Institute of Management (ERIM), ERIM is the joint research institute of the Rotterdam School of Management, Erasmus University and the Erasmus School of Economics (ESE) at Erasmus University Rotterdam.
    20. Zhang, Xiaoju & Zeng, Qingcheng & Yang, Zhongzhen, 2016. "Modeling the mixed storage strategy for quay crane double cycling in container terminals," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 94(C), pages 171-187.
    21. Li Wang & Xiaoning Zhu, 2019. "Container Loading Optimization in Rail–Truck Intermodal Terminals Considering Energy Consumption," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(8), pages 1-15, April.
    22. Xiaoju Zhang & Huijuan Li & Meng Wu, 2022. "Optimization of Resource Allocation in Automated Container Terminals," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(24), pages 1-16, December.
    23. Zhang, Xiaoju & Zeng, Qingcheng & Sheu, Jiuh-Biing, 2019. "Modeling the productivity and stability of a terminal operation system with quay crane double cycling," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 122(C), pages 181-197.
    24. Zhang, An & Zhang, Wenshuai & Chen, Yong & Chen, Guangting & Chen, Xufeng, 2017. "Approximate the scheduling of quay cranes with non-crossing constraints," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 258(3), pages 820-828.
    25. Amir Hossein Gharehgozli & Gilbert Laporte & Yugang Yu & René de Koster, 2015. "Scheduling Twin Yard Cranes in a Container Block," Transportation Science, INFORMS, vol. 49(3), pages 686-705, August.

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