Comprehensive Risk Assessment of Smart Energy Information Security: An Enhanced MCDM-Based Approach

To address the challenges of assessing information security risks in smart energy systems, this study proposes a multi-attribute decision support method based on interval type-2 fuzzy numbers (IT2TrFN). First, expert questionnaires were designed to gather insights from eight specialists in the fields of smart energy and safety engineering. Linguistic terms associated with IT2TrFN were employed to evaluate indicators, converting expert judgments into fuzzy numerical values while ensuring data reliability through consistency measurements. Subsequently, a decision hierarchy structure and an expert weight allocation model were developed. By utilizing the score and accuracy functions of IT2TrFN, the study determined positive and negative ideal solutions to rank and prioritize the evaluation criteria. Key influencing factors identified include the rate of excessive initial investment, regulatory stringency, information security standards, environmental pollution pressure, and incident response timeliness. The overall risk index was calculated as 0.5839, indicating a moderate level of information security risk in the evaluated region. To validate the robustness of the model, sensitivity analyses were conducted by varying IT2FWA (Weighted aggregated operator) and IT2FGA (Weighted geometric operator) operator selections and adjusting weight coefficients. The results reveal that key indicators exhibit high risk under different scenarios. This method provides an innovative tool for the scientific evaluation of information security risks in smart energy systems, laying a solid theoretical foundation for broader regional applications and the expansion of assessment criteria.