Enhancing Groundwater Recharge Assessment in Mediterranean Regions: A Comparative Study Using Analytical Hierarchy Process and Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process Integrated with Geographic Information Systems for the Algiers Watershed

Groundwater recharge is critical for sustainable water management in water-scarce regions like North Algeria, where climate change and urbanization exacerbate resource challenges, particularly in the populous Algiers watershed. This study evaluates groundwater recharge potential using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and its fuzzy extension (FAHP), integrated with Geographic Information Systems (GIS), to map recharge zones. Employing open-source data, AHP and FAHP assessed factors such as lithology, slope, and rainfall, classifying the watershed into high, moderate, and low recharge potential zones. Results show AHP identifying 44.01% (528.95 km 2 ) as high, 52.82% (634.93 km 2 ) as moderate, and 3.18% (38.14 km 2 ) as low potential, with FAHP yielding similar outcomes (44.35%, 52.47%, and 3.17%, respectively). Validation using borehole drawdown data confirmed a 73.3% accuracy and an AUC of 0.72, indicating moderate to good reliability. High recharge zones were concentrated in the central and northern areas with permeable soils and gentle slopes, moderate zones dominated the region, and low zones were minimal. This study concludes that both AHP and FAHP are effective for preliminary recharge assessments, with AHP favored for its simplicity, though FAHP excels with uncertain data. Limited high-resolution hydrogeological data highlight the need for further refinement, yet the approach offers a replicable framework for managing groundwater in arid, urbanized regions facing similar environmental pressures.