Global Hotspots and Trends of Ecological Network Research (1991–2024): Insights from Bibliometric Analysis

Ecological networks (ENs) offer a proactive, spatially explicit strategy for safeguarding the integrity, functionality, and sustainability of ecological spaces. With land and financial resources increasingly constrained, conventional approaches to expanding ecological spaces are often infeasible. ENs have emerged as a robust solution to address challenges effectively. This study combined bibliometric analysis with a traditional literature review to examine keyword co-occurrence in EN-related publications from the Web of Science Core Collection (1991–2024). The results showed a significant increase in publication volume and identified three main research themes: (i) theoretical foundations of ENs, focusing on conceptual frameworks and principles; (ii) construction methodologies of ENs, emphasizing the design and optimization through tools such as graph theory, circuit theory, the Minimum Cumulative Resistance model, and the Patch-generating Land Use Simulation model; and (iii) EN and ecosystem services, highlighting contributions to green infrastructure and forest management. The evolution of research frontiers unfolds across three distinct stages: establishing theoretical foundations (1991–2009), advancing methodologies (2010–2021), and integrating interdisciplinary approaches (2022–2024). Four future priorities guiding EN studies include advancing ecosystem service quantification and integration, enhancing climate change adaptation and resilience, strengthening socioeconomic integration for sustainable development, and leveraging interdisciplinary collaboration and technological innovation.