Prediction of Compressive Strength of Sustainable Concrete Incorporating Waste Glass Powder Using Machine Learning Algorithms

The incorporation of waste ground glass powder (GGP) in concrete as a partial replacement of cement offers significant environmental benefits, such as reduction in CO 2 emission from cement manufacturing and decrease in the use of colossal landfill space. However, concrete is a heterogeneous material, and the prediction of its accurate compressive strength is challenging due to the inclusion of several non-linear parameters. This study explores the utilization of different machine learning (ML) algorithms: linear regression (LR), ElasticNet regression (ENR), a K-Nearest Neighbor regressor (KNN), a decision tree regressor (DT), a random forest regressor (RF), and a support vector regressor (SVR). A total of 187 sets of pertinent mix design experimental data were collected to train and test the ML algorithms. Concrete mix components such as cement content, coarse and fine aggregates, the water–cement ratio (W/C), various GGP chemical properties, and the curing time were set as input data (X), while the compressive strength was set as the output data (Y). Hyperparameter tuning was carried out to optimize the ML models, and the results were compared with the help of the coefficient of determination (R 2 ) and root mean square error (RMSE). Among the algorithms considered, SVR demonstrates the highest accuracy and predictive capability with an R 2 value of 0.95 and RMSE of 3.40 MPa. Additionally, all the models exhibit R 2 values greater than 0.8, suggesting that ML models provide highly accurate and cost-effective means for evaluating and optimizing the compressive strength of GGP-incorporated sustainable concrete.