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Light Electric Vehicles for Muscle–Battery Electric Mobility in Circular Economy: A Comprehensive Study

Author

Listed:
  • Sven Wüstenhagen

    (Fraunhofer IMWS, Walter-Hülse-Straße 1, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany)

  • Paul Beckert

    (Fraunhofer IMWS, Walter-Hülse-Straße 1, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany)

  • Olaf Lange

    (Olaf Lange Dreiradbau, Saarbrücker Str. 22-24, 10405 Berlin, Germany)

  • Andreas Franze

    (FVK GmbH, Am Waggonbau 3, 06844 Dessau-Rosslau, Germany)

Abstract

Light electric vehicles (LEVs) facilitate a significant reduction in global warming potential (GWP) and other environmental impacts related to specific transport performance due to their lightweight construction. Low-voltage systems in the drive engine, an open vehicle design and online vehicle data processing allow LEVs to be repaired by independent workshops, thus enabling long vehicle use as well as conversion or retrofitting for periods of use beyond 20 years. LEVs are not yet very common in everyday life in Western Europe. In order to support the acceptance of muscle power-supported LEVs in the EU L7e registration class by users, the vehicle design and construction specifically address requirements in the areas of last-mile parcel delivery and other transport services, including passenger transport. Life cycle assessment was used to investigate two construction methods for LEVs, mixed construction and fibre composite construction, in terms of the production, service life phase and end of life. A vehicle configuration was developed which, in addition to resource-saving production and long-life operation, enables easy access for users and maintenance of the LEV for various purposes. The resource efficiency of light electric vehicles was proven with regard to the ecological aspects. The vehicle design shown here shows high potential for LEVs in the circular economy.

Suggested Citation

  • Sven Wüstenhagen & Paul Beckert & Olaf Lange & Andreas Franze, 2021. "Light Electric Vehicles for Muscle–Battery Electric Mobility in Circular Economy: A Comprehensive Study," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(24), pages 1-11, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:13:y:2021:i:24:p:13793-:d:701979
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Spickermann, Alexander & Grienitz, Volker & von der Gracht, Heiko A., 2014. "Heading towards a multimodal city of the future?," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 89(C), pages 201-221.
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    Cited by:

    1. Suphanut Kongwat & Thonn Homsnit & Chaimongkol Padungtree & Naphon Tonitiwong & Pornkasem Jongpradist & Pattaramon Jongpradist, 2022. "Safety Assessment and Crash Compatibility of Heavy Quadricycle under Frontal Impact Collisions," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(20), pages 1-25, October.
    2. Sören Lauenstein & Christoph Schank, 2022. "Design of a Sustainable Last Mile in Urban Logistics—A Systematic Literature Review," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(9), pages 1-14, May.

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