IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jmathe/v11y2023i2p477-d1037320.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

A New Fuzzy Reinforcement Learning Method for Effective Chemotherapy

Author

Listed:
  • Fawaz E. Alsaadi

    (Communication Systems and Networks Research Group, Department of Information Technology, Faculty of Computing and Information Technology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia)

  • Amirreza Yasami

    (Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada)

  • Christos Volos

    (Nonlinear Laboratory of Nonlinear Systems, Circuits Complexity (LaNSCom), Department of Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece)

  • Stelios Bekiros

    (FEMA, University of Malta, MSD 2080 Msida, Malta
    LSE Health, Department of Health Policy, London School of Economics and Political Science, London WC2A 2AE, UK
    IPAG Business School (IPAG), 184, bd Saint-Germain, 75006 Paris, France)

  • Hadi Jahanshahi

    (Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 5V6, Canada)

Abstract

A key challenge for drug dosing schedules is the ability to learn an optimal control policy even when there is a paucity of accurate information about the systems. Artificial intelligence has great potential for shaping a smart control policy for the dosage of drugs for any treatment. Motivated by this issue, in the present research paper a Caputo–Fabrizio fractional-order model of cancer chemotherapy treatment was elaborated and analyzed. A fix-point theorem and an iterative method were implemented to prove the existence and uniqueness of the solutions of the proposed model. Afterward, in order to control cancer through chemotherapy treatment, a fuzzy-reinforcement learning-based control method that uses the State-Action-Reward-State-Action (SARSA) algorithm was proposed. Finally, so as to assess the performance of the proposed control method, the simulations were conducted for young and elderly patients and for ten simulated patients with different parameters. Then, the results of the proposed control method were compared with Watkins’s Q-learning control method for cancer chemotherapy drug dosing. The results of the simulations demonstrate the superiority of the proposed control method in terms of mean squared error, mean variance of the error, and the mean squared of the control action—in other words, in terms of the eradication of tumor cells, keeping normal cells, and the amount of usage of the drug during chemotherapy treatment.

Suggested Citation

  • Fawaz E. Alsaadi & Amirreza Yasami & Christos Volos & Stelios Bekiros & Hadi Jahanshahi, 2023. "A New Fuzzy Reinforcement Learning Method for Effective Chemotherapy," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 11(2), pages 1-25, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jmathe:v:11:y:2023:i:2:p:477-:d:1037320
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7390/11/2/477/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7390/11/2/477/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Wang, Shaojie & He, Shaobo & Yousefpour, Amin & Jahanshahi, Hadi & Repnik, Robert & Perc, Matjaž, 2020. "Chaos and complexity in a fractional-order financial system with time delays," Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, Elsevier, vol. 131(C).
    2. Pang, Liuyong & Zhao, Zhong & Song, Xinyu, 2016. "Cost-effectiveness analysis of optimal strategy for tumor treatment," Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, Elsevier, vol. 87(C), pages 293-301.
    3. Qijia Yao & Hadi Jahanshahi & Larissa M. Batrancea & Naif D. Alotaibi & Mircea-Iosif Rus, 2022. "Fixed-Time Output-Constrained Synchronization of Unknown Chaotic Financial Systems Using Neural Learning," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 10(19), pages 1-14, October.
    4. Jahanshahi, Hadi & Yousefpour, Amin & Wei, Zhouchao & Alcaraz, Raúl & Bekiros, Stelios, 2019. "A financial hyperchaotic system with coexisting attractors: Dynamic investigation, entropy analysis, control and synchronization," Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, Elsevier, vol. 126(C), pages 66-77.
    5. Jahanshahi, Hadi & Munoz-Pacheco, Jesus M. & Bekiros, Stelios & Alotaibi, Naif D., 2021. "A fractional-order SIRD model with time-dependent memory indexes for encompassing the multi-fractional characteristics of the COVID-19," Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, Elsevier, vol. 143(C).
    6. Jahanshahi, Hadi & Sajjadi, Samaneh Sadat & Bekiros, Stelios & Aly, Ayman A., 2021. "On the development of variable-order fractional hyperchaotic economic system with a nonlinear model predictive controller," Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, Elsevier, vol. 144(C).
    7. Alsaade, Fawaz W. & Yao, Qijia & Bekiros, Stelios & Al-zahrani, Mohammed S. & Alzahrani, Ali S. & Jahanshahi, Hadi, 2022. "Chaotic attitude synchronization and anti-synchronization of master-slave satellites using a robust fixed-time adaptive controller," Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, Elsevier, vol. 165(P2).
    8. Liu, Peng & Liu, Xijun, 2017. "Dynamics of a tumor-immune model considering targeted chemotherapy," Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, Elsevier, vol. 98(C), pages 7-13.
    9. Baleanu, Dumitru & Jajarmi, Amin & Mohammadi, Hakimeh & Rezapour, Shahram, 2020. "A new study on the mathematical modelling of human liver with Caputo–Fabrizio fractional derivative," Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, Elsevier, vol. 134(C).
    10. Zahra Mokhtare & Mai The Vu & Saleh Mobayen & Thaned Rojsiraphisal, 2022. "An Adaptive Barrier Function Terminal Sliding Mode Controller for Partial Seizure Disease Based on the Pinsky–Rinzel Mathematical Model," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 10(16), pages 1-13, August.
    11. Soradi-Zeid, Samaneh & Jahanshahi, Hadi & Yousefpour, Amin & Bekiros, Stelios, 2020. "King algorithm: A novel optimization approach based on variable-order fractional calculus with application in chaotic financial systems," Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, Elsevier, vol. 132(C).
    12. Qijia Yao & Hadi Jahanshahi & Stelios Bekiros & Sanda Florentina Mihalache & Naif D. Alotaibi, 2022. "Indirect Neural-Enhanced Integral Sliding Mode Control for Finite-Time Fault-Tolerant Attitude Tracking of Spacecraft," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 10(14), pages 1-18, July.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Bekiros, Stelios & Yao, Qijia & Mou, Jun & Alkhateeb, Abdulhameed F. & Jahanshahi, Hadi, 2023. "Adaptive fixed-time robust control for function projective synchronization of hyperchaotic economic systems with external perturbations," Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, Elsevier, vol. 172(C).
    2. Qing Ding & Oumate Alhadji Abba & Hadi Jahanshahi & Madini O. Alassafi & Wen-Hua Huang, 2022. "Dynamical Investigation, Electronic Circuit Realization and Emulation of a Fractional-Order Chaotic Three-Echelon Supply Chain System," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 10(4), pages 1-15, February.
    3. Wang, Bo & Liu, Jinping & Alassafi, Madini O. & Alsaadi, Fawaz E. & Jahanshahi, Hadi & Bekiros, Stelios, 2022. "Intelligent parameter identification and prediction of variable time fractional derivative and application in a symmetric chaotic financial system," Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, Elsevier, vol. 154(C).
    4. Zambrano-Serrano, Ernesto & Bekiros, Stelios & Platas-Garza, Miguel A. & Posadas-Castillo, Cornelio & Agarwal, Praveen & Jahanshahi, Hadi & Aly, Ayman A., 2021. "On chaos and projective synchronization of a fractional difference map with no equilibria using a fuzzy-based state feedback control," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 578(C).
    5. Zhou, Shuang-Shuang & Jahanshahi, Hadi & Din, Qamar & Bekiros, Stelios & Alcaraz, Raúl & Alassafi, Madini O. & Alsaadi, Fawaz E. & Chu, Yu-Ming, 2021. "Discrete-time macroeconomic system: Bifurcation analysis and synchronization using fuzzy-based activation feedback control," Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, Elsevier, vol. 142(C).
    6. Li, Jun-Feng & Jahanshahi, Hadi & Kacar, Sezgin & Chu, Yu-Ming & Gómez-Aguilar, J.F. & Alotaibi, Naif D. & Alharbi, Khalid H., 2021. "On the variable-order fractional memristor oscillator: Data security applications and synchronization using a type-2 fuzzy disturbance observer-based robust control," Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, Elsevier, vol. 145(C).
    7. Chu, Yu-Ming & Bekiros, Stelios & Zambrano-Serrano, Ernesto & Orozco-López, Onofre & Lahmiri, Salim & Jahanshahi, Hadi & Aly, Ayman A., 2021. "Artificial macro-economics: A chaotic discrete-time fractional-order laboratory model," Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, Elsevier, vol. 145(C).
    8. Alsaadi, Fawaz E. & Bekiros, Stelios & Yao, Qijia & Liu, Jinping & Jahanshahi, Hadi, 2023. "Achieving resilient chaos suppression and synchronization of fractional-order supply chains with fault-tolerant control," Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, Elsevier, vol. 174(C).
    9. Hajid Alsubaie & Amin Yousefpour & Ahmed Alotaibi & Naif D. Alotaibi & Hadi Jahanshahi, 2023. "Stabilization of Nonlinear Vibration of a Fractional-Order Arch MEMS Resonator Using a New Disturbance-Observer-Based Finite-Time Sliding Mode Control," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 11(4), pages 1-14, February.
    10. Alsaade, Fawaz W. & Yao, Qijia & Bekiros, Stelios & Al-zahrani, Mohammed S. & Alzahrani, Ali S. & Jahanshahi, Hadi, 2022. "Chaotic attitude synchronization and anti-synchronization of master-slave satellites using a robust fixed-time adaptive controller," Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, Elsevier, vol. 165(P2).
    11. Wang, Yong-Long & Jahanshahi, Hadi & Bekiros, Stelios & Bezzina, Frank & Chu, Yu-Ming & Aly, Ayman A., 2021. "Deep recurrent neural networks with finite-time terminal sliding mode control for a chaotic fractional-order financial system with market confidence," Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, Elsevier, vol. 146(C).
    12. Paul, James Nicodemus & Mbalawata, Isambi Sailon & Mirau, Silas Steven & Masandawa, Lemjini, 2023. "Mathematical modeling of vaccination as a control measure of stress to fight COVID-19 infections," Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, Elsevier, vol. 166(C).
    13. Qijia Yao & Hadi Jahanshahi & Larissa M. Batrancea & Naif D. Alotaibi & Mircea-Iosif Rus, 2022. "Fixed-Time Output-Constrained Synchronization of Unknown Chaotic Financial Systems Using Neural Learning," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 10(19), pages 1-14, October.
    14. Jahanshahi, Hadi & Sajjadi, Samaneh Sadat & Bekiros, Stelios & Aly, Ayman A., 2021. "On the development of variable-order fractional hyperchaotic economic system with a nonlinear model predictive controller," Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, Elsevier, vol. 144(C).
    15. Chen, Shu-Bo & Jahanshahi, Hadi & Alhadji Abba, Oumate & Solís-Pérez, J.E. & Bekiros, Stelios & Gómez-Aguilar, J.F. & Yousefpour, Amin & Chu, Yu-Ming, 2020. "The effect of market confidence on a financial system from the perspective of fractional calculus: Numerical investigation and circuit realization," Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, Elsevier, vol. 140(C).
    16. Fawaz E. Alsaadi & Amirreza Yasami & Hajid Alsubaie & Ahmed Alotaibi & Hadi Jahanshahi, 2022. "Control of a Hydraulic Generator Regulating System Using Chebyshev-Neural-Network-Based Non-Singular Fast Terminal Sliding Mode Method," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 11(1), pages 1-18, December.
    17. Bambe Moutsinga, Claude Rodrigue & Pindza, Edson & Maré, Eben, 2021. "Comparative performance of time spectral methods for solving hyperchaotic finance and cryptocurrency systems," Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, Elsevier, vol. 145(C).
    18. Jahanshahi, Hadi & Yousefpour, Amin & Munoz-Pacheco, Jesus M. & Kacar, Sezgin & Pham, Viet-Thanh & Alsaadi, Fawaz E., 2020. "A new fractional-order hyperchaotic memristor oscillator: Dynamic analysis, robust adaptive synchronization, and its application to voice encryption," Applied Mathematics and Computation, Elsevier, vol. 383(C).
    19. Bekiros, Stelios & Jahanshahi, Hadi & Bezzina, Frank & Aly, Ayman A., 2021. "A novel fuzzy mixed H2/H∞ optimal controller for hyperchaotic financial systems," Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, Elsevier, vol. 146(C).
    20. Bekiros, Stelios & Laarem, Guessas & Mou, Jun & Al-Barakati, Abdullah A. & Jahanshahi, Hadi, 2023. "Heterogeneous agent-based modeling of endogenous boom-bust cycles in financial markets with adaptive expectations and dynamically switching fractions between contrarian and fundamental market entry st," Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, Elsevier, vol. 170(C).

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jmathe:v:11:y:2023:i:2:p:477-:d:1037320. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.