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Glacier and Snow Cover Dynamics and Their Affecting Factors on the Pamir Plateau Section of the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor

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  • Yonglong Han

    (College of Geographic Science and Tourism, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi 830054, China
    Xinjiang Arid Area Lake Environment and Resources Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi 830054, China
    Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Utilization in Arid Zone, Urumqi 830011, China)

  • Yonghui Wang

    (College of Geographic Science and Tourism, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi 830054, China
    Xinjiang Arid Area Lake Environment and Resources Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi 830054, China)

  • Xiaofei Ma

    (Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Utilization in Arid Zone, Urumqi 830011, China
    State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Key Laboratory of Ecological Safety and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China)

  • Yanjun Shang

    (State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric and Environmental Coevolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China)

Abstract

The China–Pakistan economic corridor (CPEC) traverses the ecologically fragile and geologically hazardous Pamir plateau (PP), where glacier dynamics are critical for water resources and ecological stability. This study analyzes glacier changes in the PP segment of CPEC from 2000 to 2022 using Google Earth engine (GEE) and an improved glacier and snow cover extraction method. Results show that before CPEC’s initiation (2000–2014), glacier area fluctuated with an annual increase of 422 km 2 , peaking in 2010. After 2015, glacier area declined continuously at 1000 km 2 per year, reaching a minimum in 2022. Snow cover also declined, especially post-2015. Glacier retreat was most severe in low-altitude regions, particularly in the eastern and southern PP, while higher altitudes (5000–7000 m) exhibited slower retreat. Climatic analysis reveals a strengthening negative correlation between temperature, evapotranspiration, and glacier area, indicating accelerated retreat due to global warming. These findings provide scientific support for ecological protection, water resource management, and geological hazard mitigation along CPEC.

Suggested Citation

  • Yonglong Han & Yonghui Wang & Xiaofei Ma & Yanjun Shang, 2025. "Glacier and Snow Cover Dynamics and Their Affecting Factors on the Pamir Plateau Section of the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor," Land, MDPI, vol. 14(4), pages 1-17, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jlands:v:14:y:2025:i:4:p:880-:d:1636107
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Qi Fu & Bo Li & Linlin Yang & Zhilong Wu & Xinshi Zhang, 2015. "Ecosystem Services Evaluation and Its Spatial Characteristics in Central Asia’s Arid Regions: A Case Study in Altay Prefecture, China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 7(7), pages 1-19, June.
    2. Shazia Kousar & Abdul Rehman & Mahwish Zafar & Kamran Ali & Nadia Nasir, 2018. "China-Pakistan Economic Corridor: a gateway to sustainable economic development," International Journal of Social Economics, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 45(6), pages 909-924, June.
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