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A Network-Based Approach for Reducing Pedestrian Exposure to PM 2.5 Induced by Road Traffic in Seoul

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  • Sungsoo Yoon

    (EcoBank Team, National Institute of Ecology, 1210 Geumgang-ro, Seocheon-gun 33657, Republic of Korea)

  • Youngjoo Moon

    (Department of Forest Resources, Graduate School of Kookmin University, 77 Jeongneung-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea)

  • Jinah Jeong

    (Department of Forest Resources, Graduate School of Kookmin University, 77 Jeongneung-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea)

  • Chan-Ryul Park

    (Urban Forests Division, National Institute of Forest Science, 57 Hoegi-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02455, Republic of Korea)

  • Wanmo Kang

    (Department of Forest Environment and Systems, College of Science and Technology, Kookmin University, 77 Jeongneung-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea)

Abstract

Urban plans for pedestrian-friendly environments by reducing exposure to air pollutants and enhancing movement are crucial for public health and accessibility of social infrastructure. Here, we develop a novel network analysis-based approach, which identifies pivotal local walkways that lower exposure risk to fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) while improving the urban landscape connectivity. We employ an exponential distance-decay model and partial correlation analysis to estimate traffic-induced PM 2.5 and to test the relationship between the proxies and actual PM 2.5 concentrations, respectively. We use a proxy for pedestrians’ PM 2.5 exposure as a movement cost when conducting network analyses to compute pedestrian network centrality, reflecting both low PM 2.5 exposure risk and landscape connectivity. As a result, we found a significant contribution of traffic to the estimated PM 2.5 exposure and PM 2.5 concentrations. We also found that walkways make a large contribution to regional connectivity regardless of the estimated PM 2.5 exposure risk owing to the composition and configuration of urban landscape elements. Regarding the spatial features and planning context, this study suggests four types of pedestrian networks to provide urban authorities with useful practical information in city-wide urban plans for enhancing walkability: PM 2.5 reduction required; PM 2.5 reduction recommended; optimal areas; and alternatives of optimal areas.

Suggested Citation

  • Sungsoo Yoon & Youngjoo Moon & Jinah Jeong & Chan-Ryul Park & Wanmo Kang, 2021. "A Network-Based Approach for Reducing Pedestrian Exposure to PM 2.5 Induced by Road Traffic in Seoul," Land, MDPI, vol. 10(10), pages 1-14, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jlands:v:10:y:2021:i:10:p:1045-:d:649983
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Yan Mao & Yanfang Liu & Haofeng Wang & Wei Tang & Xuesong Kong, 2017. "A Spatial-Territorial Reorganization Model of Rural Settlements Based on Graph Theory and Genetic Optimization," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 9(8), pages 1-18, August.
    2. Birch, Colin P.D. & Oom, Sander P. & Beecham, Jonathan A., 2007. "Rectangular and hexagonal grids used for observation, experiment and simulation in ecology," Ecological Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 206(3), pages 347-359.
    3. Marquet, Oriol & Miralles-Guasch, Carme, 2015. "Neighbourhood vitality and physical activity among the elderly: The role of walkable environments on active ageing in Barcelona, Spain," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 135(C), pages 24-30.
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    1. Sungsoo Yoon & Youngdae Heo & Chan-Ryul Park & Wanmo Kang, 2022. "Effects of Landscape Patterns on the Concentration and Recovery Time of PM 2.5 in South Korea," Land, MDPI, vol. 11(12), pages 1-13, December.
    2. Petra Stutz & Dana Kaziyeva & Christoph Traun & Christian Werner & Martin Loidl, 2025. "Walkability at Street Level: An Indicator-Based Assessment Model," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 17(8), pages 1-19, April.

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