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Assessing Nicotine Exposure in Users and Non-Users of Electronic Cigarettes Through Silicone Wristbands

Author

Listed:
  • Giovanni E. Appolon

    (School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
    Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA)

  • Samantha Suess

    (School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA)

  • Alice Xayavong

    (School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA)

  • Nicolas Lopez Galvez

    (School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA)

  • Nathan G. Dodder

    (Research Foundation, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA)

  • Eunha Hoh

    (School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA)

  • Penelope J. E. Quintana

    (School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA)

  • Eyal Oren

    (School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA)

Abstract

Although the use of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) among youth has declined since its peak in 2018, it remains popular among young adults. Despite its popularity, research on the health effects of secondhand exposure to ENDS remains limited. Silicone wristbands offer a simple, cost-effective method for measuring nicotine exposure. The study employed a quasi-experimental design and recruited six dyads consisting of ENDS users and non-users. Over three consecutive months, all participants wore silicone wristbands for one week at a time to assess nicotine exposure. ENDS users had a higher overall median nicotine concentration in their silicone wristbands (423.2 ng/g, IQR: 199.2–669.1) compared to non-users (17.2 ng/g, IQR: 6.5–128.0). This trend was consistent across all time points. Statistically significant differences between ENDS users and non-users were observed during months 1 and 2 ( p -values = 0.0303 and 0.0411, respectively), but not during month 3 ( p -value = 0.2468). Similar trends were observed in urinary cotinine levels, with higher medians among ENDS users (1013.0 ng/mL, IQL: 442.0–1490.0) compared to non-users (1.3 ng/mL, IQL: 1.0–1.4). A significant correlation was found between urinary cotinine and wristband nicotine levels only in non-users (r = 0.69, p -value = 0.0017). Silicone wristbands worn by non-users can detect secondhand nicotine exposure and are significantly correlated with urinary cotinine.

Suggested Citation

  • Giovanni E. Appolon & Samantha Suess & Alice Xayavong & Nicolas Lopez Galvez & Nathan G. Dodder & Eunha Hoh & Penelope J. E. Quintana & Eyal Oren, 2025. "Assessing Nicotine Exposure in Users and Non-Users of Electronic Cigarettes Through Silicone Wristbands," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 22(3), pages 1-14, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:22:y:2025:i:3:p:388-:d:1607498
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Westley L. Fallavollita & Elizabeth K. Do & Julia C. Schechter & Scott H. Kollins & Junfeng (Jim) Zheng & Jian Qin & Rachel L. Maguire & Cathrine Hoyo & Susan K. Murphy & Bernard F. Fuemmeler, 2021. "Smoke-Free Home Rules and Association with Child Secondhand Smoke Exposure among Mother–Child Dyad Relationships," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(10), pages 1-11, May.
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    3. Carmela Protano & Vittoria Cammalleri & Arianna Antonucci & Alexandra Sabina Ungureanu & Francesa Santilli & Stefano Martellucci & Vincenzo Mattei & Matteo Vitali, 2019. "Further Insights on Predictors of Environmental Tobacco Smoke Exposure during the Pediatric Age," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(21), pages 1-11, October.
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