IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jijerp/v19y2022i21p13981-d954967.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Measuring the Impact of Future Outbreaks? A Secondary Analysis of Routinely Available Data in Spain

Author

Listed:
  • Jimmy Martin-Delgado

    (Hospital Luis Vernaza, Junta de Beneficencia de Guayaquil, Guayaquil 090306, Ecuador
    Instituto de Investigación e Innovación en Salud Integral, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Católica de Santiago de Guayaquil, Guayaquil 090603, Ecuador
    Atenea Research Group, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research, 03550 Sant Joan d’Alacant, Spain)

  • Aurora Mula

    (Atenea Research Group, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research, 03550 Sant Joan d’Alacant, Spain)

  • Rafael Manzanera

    (Health and Economics Benefits Area, MC Mutual, 08037 Barcelona, Spain)

  • Jose Joaquin Mira

    (Atenea Research Group, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research, 03550 Sant Joan d’Alacant, Spain
    Health Psychology Department, Miguel Hernández University, 03202 Elche, Spain
    Health District Alicante-Sant Joan, 03013 Alicante, Spain)

Abstract

Background: As of 7 January 2022, it is estimated that 5.5 million people worldwide have died from COVID-19. Although the full impact of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) on healthcare systems worldwide is still unknown, we must consider the socio-economic impact. For instance, it has resulted in an 11% decrease in the GDP (Gross Domestic Product) in the European Union. We aim to provide valuable information for policymakers by analysing widely available epidemiological and socioeconomic indicators using Spanish data. Methods: Secondary analysis of routinely available data from various official data sources covering the period from 1 March 2020 to 31 March 2021. To measure the impact of COVID-19 in the population, a set of epidemiological and socioeconomic indicators were used. The interrelationships between these socioeconomic and epidemiological indicators were analysed using Pearson’s correlation. Their behaviour was grouped according to their greater capacity to measure the impact of the pandemic and was compared to identify those that are more appropriate to monitor future health crises (primary outcome) using multivariate analysis of canonical correlation for estimating the correlation between indicators using different units of analysis. Results: Data from different time points were analysed. The excess of mortality was negatively correlated with the number of new companies created during the pandemic. The increase in COVID-19 cases was associated with the rise of unemployed workers. Neither GDP nor per capita debt was related to any epidemiological indicators considered in the annual analysis. The canonical models of socioeconomic and epidemiological indicators of each of the time periods analysed were statistically significant (0.80–0.91 p < 0.05). Conclusions: In conclusion, during the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain, excess mortality, incidence, lethality, and unemployment constituted the best group of indicators to measure the impact of the pandemic. These indicators, widely available, could provide valuable information to policymakers and higher management in future outbreaks.

Suggested Citation

  • Jimmy Martin-Delgado & Aurora Mula & Rafael Manzanera & Jose Joaquin Mira, 2022. "Measuring the Impact of Future Outbreaks? A Secondary Analysis of Routinely Available Data in Spain," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(21), pages 1-14, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:21:p:13981-:d:954967
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/19/21/13981/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/19/21/13981/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Santeramo, Fabio Gaetano & Tappi, Marco & Lamonaca, Emilia, 2021. "On the management of COVID-19 pandemic in Italy," Health Policy, Elsevier, vol. 125(8), pages 995-1001.
    2. Wang, Di & Mao, Zhifei, 2021. "A comparative study of public health and social measures of COVID-19 advocated in different countries," Health Policy, Elsevier, vol. 125(8), pages 957-971.
    3. Viet-Phuong La & Thanh-Hang Pham & Manh-Toan Ho & Minh-Hoang Nguyen & Khanh-Linh P. Nguyen & Thu-Trang Vuong & Hong-Kong T. Nguyen & Trung Tran & Quy Khuc & Manh-Tung Ho & Quan-Hoang Vuong, 2020. "Policy Response, Social Media and Science Journalism for the Sustainability of the Public Health System Amid the COVID-19 Outbreak: The Vietnam Lessons," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(7), pages 1-27, April.
    4. González, Ignacio & Déjean, Sébastien & Martin, Pascal G. P. & Baccini, Alain, 2008. "CCA: An R Package to Extend Canonical Correlation Analysis," Journal of Statistical Software, Foundation for Open Access Statistics, vol. 23(i12).
    5. José Antonio Peña-Ramos & Fátima Recuero-López & Antonio Sánchez-Bayón & Francisco Javier Sastre, 2021. "Evaluation of Spanish Health System during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Accountability and Wellbeing Results," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(24), pages 1-25, December.
    6. Reibling, Nadine, 2013. "The international performance of healthcare systems in population health: Capabilities of pooled cross-sectional time series methods," Health Policy, Elsevier, vol. 112(1), pages 122-132.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Vuong, Quan-Hoang & Huyen, Nguyen Thanh Thanh & Pham, Thanh-Hang & Phuong, Luong Anh & Nguyen, Minh-Hoang, 2020. "Mapping the intellectual and conceptual structure of research on gender issues in the family business: A bibliometric review," OSF Preprints jgnrw, Center for Open Science.
    2. Gabriel Hoh Teck Ling & Nur Amiera binti Md Suhud & Pau Chung Leng & Lee Bak Yeo & Chin Tiong Cheng & Mohd Hamdan Haji Ahmad & Ak Mohd Rafiq Ak Matusin, 2021. "Factors Influencing Asia-Pacific Countries’ Success Level in Curbing COVID-19: A Review Using a Social–Ecological System (SES) Framework," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(4), pages 1-27, February.
    3. Ling, Gabriel Hoh Teck & Suhud, Nur Amiera binti Md & Leng, Pau Chung & Yeo, Lee Bak & Cheng, Chin Tiong & Ahmad, Mohd Hamdan Haji & Matusin, AK Mohd Rafiq AK, 2021. "Factors Influencing Asia-Pacific Countries’ Success Level in Curbing COVID-19: A Review Using a Social–Ecological System (SES) Framework," SocArXiv b9f2w, Center for Open Science.
    4. Nuria Huete-Alcocer & Miguel Ángel Valero-Tévar, 2021. "Impact of Information Sources on Promoting Tourism in a Rural Region: The Case of the Roman Villa of Noheda," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(14), pages 1-23, July.
    5. Jae-Eun Lee & Seol-A Kwon, 2021. "A Study on the Public’s Crisis Management Efficacy and Anxiety in a Pandemic Situation—Focusing on the COVID-19 Pandemic in South Korea," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(15), pages 1-17, July.
    6. Ho, Manh-Toan, 2021. "Mindsponge: Some Remarks for Future Research Directions," OSF Preprints ce2y7, Center for Open Science.
    7. Wang, Wenjia & Zhou, Yi-Hui, 2021. "Eigenvector-based sparse canonical correlation analysis: Fast computation for estimation of multiple canonical vectors," Journal of Multivariate Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 185(C).
    8. Hai-Anh H. Dang & Long T. Giang & Minh N. N. Do, 2021. "Building on Vietnam’s Recent COVID-19 Success: A Job-Focused Analysis of Individual Assessments on Their Finance and the Economy," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(19), pages 1-21, September.
    9. , Aisdl, 2020. "Impact of Infectious Disease Risk Perception on Perceived Retail Crowding: With Special Reference to Retail Industry in Sri Lanka," OSF Preprints srknd, Center for Open Science.
    10. Quan-Hoang Vuong & Tam-Tri Le & Viet-Phuong La & Huyen Thanh Thanh Nguyen & Manh-Toan Ho & Quy Khuc & Minh-Hoang Nguyen, 2022. "Covid-19 vaccines production and societal immunization under the serendipity-mindsponge-3D knowledge management theory and conceptual framework," Palgrave Communications, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 9(1), pages 1-12, December.
    11. Dang, Hai-Anh & Giang, Long T., 2020. "Turning Vietnam's COVID-19 Success into Economic Recovery: A Job-Focused Analysis of Individual Assessments on Their Finance and the Economy," IZA Discussion Papers 13315, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
    12. , Aisdl, 2020. "Employing Value Chain Theory To Address COVID-19 Outbreak In Tourism Management: A Resilience and Stakeholder View," OSF Preprints tmzvf, Center for Open Science.
    13. Zhao, Junying & Kim, Myongjin & Westbrook, Gabrielle & Bratzler, Dale W, 2022. "A comparative study of COVID-19 emergency funds allocated to the health sector: US, UK, and Canada," Health Policy, Elsevier, vol. 126(6), pages 493-503.
    14. Rocco Agrifoglio & Paola Briganti & Concetta Metallo & Luisa Varriale, 2023. "Virtual healthcare communities of practice: An Italian experience during the Covid-19 pandemic," MECOSAN, FrancoAngeli Editore, vol. 2023(125), pages 11-28.
    15. Trung Tran & Manh-Toan Ho & Thanh-Hang Pham & Minh-Hoang Nguyen & Khanh-Linh P. Nguyen & Thu-Trang Vuong & Thanh-Huyen T. Nguyen & Thanh-Dung Nguyen & Thi-Linh Nguyen & Quy Khuc & Viet-Phuong La & Qua, 2020. "How Digital Natives Learn and Thrive in the Digital Age: Evidence from an Emerging Economy," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(9), pages 1-24, May.
    16. Manh-Toan Ho & Ngoc-Thang B. Le & Manh-Tung Ho & Quan-Hoang Vuong, 2022. "A bibliometric review on development economics research in Vietnam from 2008 to 2020," Quality & Quantity: International Journal of Methodology, Springer, vol. 56(5), pages 2939-2969, October.
    17. Nguyen, Minh-Hoang, 2021. "What are beyond Mindsponge?," OSF Preprints c6sdp, Center for Open Science.
    18. Tenenhaus, Arthur & Philippe, Cathy & Frouin, Vincent, 2015. "Kernel Generalized Canonical Correlation Analysis," Computational Statistics & Data Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 90(C), pages 114-131.
    19. Dmitry Kobak & Yves Bernaerts & Marissa A. Weis & Federico Scala & Andreas S. Tolias & Philipp Berens, 2021. "Sparse reduced‐rank regression for exploratory visualisation of paired multivariate data," Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series C, Royal Statistical Society, vol. 70(4), pages 980-1000, August.
    20. Silvia Fissi & Francesco Grazzini, 2021. "L?utilizzo dei Social Media durante la pandemia da COVID-19: un nuovo strumento per la gestione del rischio sanitario?," MANAGEMENT CONTROL, FrancoAngeli Editore, vol. 2021(suppl. 2), pages 265-288.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:21:p:13981-:d:954967. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.