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Impacts of Stressors on Riparian Health Indicators in the Upper and Lower Indus River Basins in Pakistan

Author

Listed:
  • Amin Hira

    (Department of Forestry Economics & Management, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Muhammad Arif

    (Biological Science Research Center, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Nowsherwan Zarif

    (Pakistan Forest Institute, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan)

  • Zarmina Gul

    (College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China)

  • Xiangyue Liu

    (Department of Forestry Economics & Management, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China)

  • Yukun Cao

    (Department of Forestry Economics & Management, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China)

Abstract

Riparian zones along rivers and streams provide ecosystem services that may change over time as disturbances increase and deteriorate these buffer zones globally. The effect of stressors on ecosystem services along the rivers in underdeveloped countries is unclear, which impacts the environment directly in the form of riparian health indicators (RHIs). This study fills this gap and measures the impact of stressors on RHIs (parameters of habitat, plant cover, regeneration, exotics, and erosion) in the Indus River basin (IRB) in Pakistan. Data on 11 stressors and 27 RHIs were collected using a field-based approach in 269 transects in the upper and lower Indus basins (UIB and LIB) in 2020 and analyzed using multivariate statistical methods. The Kruskal–Wallis tests ( p < 0.05) indicated that RHIs varied significantly under the influence of stressors in the UIB and LIB. However, their highest mean values were found in the UIB. Principal component analysis revealed the key RHIs and stressors, which explained 62.50% and 77.10% of the variance, respectively. The Pearson correlation showed that stressors had greater impacts on RHIs in LIB (with r ranging from −0.42 to 0.56). Our results also showed that stressors affected RHI indices with r ranging from −0.39 to 0.50 (on habitat), −0.36 to 0.46 (on plant cover), −0.34 to 0.35 (on regeneration), −0.34 to 0.56 (on erosion), and −0.42 to 0.23 (on exotics). Furthermore, it was confirmed by the agglomerative hierarchical cluster that indices and sub-indices of RHIs and stressors differ across the UIB and LIB. These findings may serve as guidance for managers of large rivers and ecosystem service providers to minimize the environmental impact of stressors in terms of RHIs.

Suggested Citation

  • Amin Hira & Muhammad Arif & Nowsherwan Zarif & Zarmina Gul & Xiangyue Liu & Yukun Cao, 2022. "Impacts of Stressors on Riparian Health Indicators in the Upper and Lower Indus River Basins in Pakistan," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(20), pages 1-14, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:20:p:13239-:d:942237
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Hui Yang & Liang Zheng & Ying Wang & Jiangfeng Li & Bowen Zhang & Yuzhe Bi, 2022. "Quantifying the Relationship between Land Use Intensity and Ecosystem Services’ Value in the Hanjiang River Basin: A Case Study of the Hubei Section," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(17), pages 1-22, September.
    2. Muhammad Usman Rashid & Abid Latif & Muhammad Azmat, 2018. "Optimizing Irrigation Deficit of Multipurpose Cascade Reservoirs," Water Resources Management: An International Journal, Published for the European Water Resources Association (EWRA), Springer;European Water Resources Association (EWRA), vol. 32(5), pages 1675-1687, March.
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    4. Fei Xu & Yonggang Wang & Xu Wang & Dayong Wu & Yuanyuan Wang, 2022. "Establishment and Application of the Assessment System on Ecosystem Health for Restored Urban Rivers in North China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(9), pages 1-19, May.
    5. Yuekui Ding & Baoqing Shan & Yu Zhao, 2015. "Assessment of River Habitat Quality in the Hai River Basin, Northern China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 12(9), pages 1-19, September.
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