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Stress/Immune Biomarkers in Saliva among Children with ADHD Status

Author

Listed:
  • Anna Krahel

    (Department of Integrated Dentistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-812 Poznan, Poland)

  • Elzbieta Paszynska

    (Department of Integrated Dentistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-812 Poznan, Poland
    These authors contributed equally to this work and shared the second authorship.)

  • Agnieszka Slopien

    (Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-572 Poznan, Poland
    These authors contributed equally to this work and shared the second authorship.)

  • Maria Gawriolek

    (Department of Integrated Dentistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-812 Poznan, Poland)

  • Justyna Otulakowska-Skrzynska

    (Department of Integrated Dentistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-812 Poznan, Poland)

  • Szymon Rzatowski

    (Department of Integrated Dentistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-812 Poznan, Poland)

  • Amadeusz Hernik

    (Department of Integrated Dentistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-812 Poznan, Poland)

  • Tomasz Hanć

    (Institute of Human Biology and Evolution, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61-614 Poznan, Poland)

  • Ewa Bryl

    (Institute of Human Biology and Evolution, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61-614 Poznan, Poland)

  • Paula Szczesniewska

    (Institute of Human Biology and Evolution, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61-614 Poznan, Poland)

  • Karolina Bilska

    (Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-806 Poznan, Poland)

  • Joanna Duda

    (Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-806 Poznan, Poland)

  • Marta Tyszkiewicz-Nwafor

    (Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-572 Poznan, Poland
    These authors contributed equally to this work and shared the last authorship.)

  • Monika Dmitrzak-Weglarz

    (Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-806 Poznan, Poland
    These authors contributed equally to this work and shared the last authorship.)

Abstract

Background . This cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate stress and immune biomarkers in saliva samples of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder ADHD compared to healthy non-ADHD children. Material and methods . A total of 132 children under 11 years old (8.5 ± 1.1) enrolled in a cross-sectional study: with confirmed ADHD (n = 60) and healthy controls (n = 72). The clinical evaluation included physical measurements (height, waist, hip circumference, body weight, body mass index BMI, BMI z-score) and unstimulated saliva collection and measurements of free cortisol, salivary alpha-amylase (sAA), and secreted immunoglobulins (sIgA, IgG, and IgM) with quantitative assay (ELISA) analysis. Unpaired t -test, Welch test, or Mann–Whitney U test were applied for group comparisons when appropriate, and the correlation between variables was analyzed with Spearman’s rank coefficient. Results were considered significant at p < 0.05. Results . In the ADHD group, body weight ( p ≤ 0.01), BMI ( p ≤ 0.009), and hip circumference ( p ≤ 0.001) significantly differed, while waist size and BMI z-score did not ( p > 0.05). Significant elevation of the salivary sAA ( p = 0.03), sIgA ( p = 0.02), and IgM ( p ≤ 0.001) biomarkers were detected, without differences in the morning cortisol ( p > 0.05). Significant correlations between cortisol and BMI, hip size, and IgA, as well as between IgG and sAA and IgA were obtained. Conclusions. Saliva can be used to monitor ADHD status with regard to biomarkers indicating the hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal axis, as HPA axis, and sympathetic activity. The results indicate that morning collection of saliva in contrast to unchanged salivary cortisol, may evaluate mentioned above system dysregulations by measurements of sAA and immunoglobulins among ADHD children.

Suggested Citation

  • Anna Krahel & Elzbieta Paszynska & Agnieszka Slopien & Maria Gawriolek & Justyna Otulakowska-Skrzynska & Szymon Rzatowski & Amadeusz Hernik & Tomasz Hanć & Ewa Bryl & Paula Szczesniewska & Karolina Bi, 2021. "Stress/Immune Biomarkers in Saliva among Children with ADHD Status," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(2), pages 1-11, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:2:p:769-:d:482172
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Zia Choudhry & Sarojini M Sengupta & Natalie Grizenko & William J Harvey & Marie-Ève Fortier & Norbert Schmitz & Ridha Joober, 2013. "Body Weight and ADHD: Examining the Role of Self-Regulation," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 8(1), pages 1-8, January.
    2. Fernald, Lia C.H. & Gunnar, Megan R., 2009. "Poverty-alleviation program participation and salivary cortisol in very low-income children," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 68(12), pages 2180-2189, June.
    3. Elzbieta Paszynska & Monika Dmitrzak-Węglarz & Aleksandra Perczak & Maria Gawriolek & Tomasz Hanć & Ewa Bryl & Paula Mamrot & Agata Dutkiewicz & Magdalena Roszak & Marta Tyszkiewicz-Nwafor & Agnieszka, 2020. "Excessive Weight Gain and Dental Caries Experience among Children Affected by ADHD," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(16), pages 1-12, August.
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