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Analysis of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers and Lipid Composition in Human Breast Milk and Their Correlation with Infant Neurodevelopment

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  • Ming-Hsien Tsai

    (Department of Child Care, College of Humanities and Social Sciences, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
    Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
    Emerging Compounds Research Center, General Research Service Center, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan)

  • How-Ran Chao

    (Emerging Compounds Research Center, General Research Service Center, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
    Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
    Institute of Food Safety Management, College of Agriculture, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
    Equal contributions.)

  • Wen-Li Hsu

    (Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
    Emerging Compounds Research Center, General Research Service Center, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
    Department of Dermatology, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80145, Taiwan
    Equal contributions.)

  • Ching-Chung Tsai

    (Department of Pediatrics, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan
    School of Medicine, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan)

  • Chu-Wen Lin

    (Department of Child Care, College of Humanities and Social Sciences, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan)

  • Chu-Huang Chen

    (Vascular and Medicinal Research, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
    New York Heart Research Foundation, Mineola, NY 11501, USA
    Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Shinshu University, Nagano 390-8621, Japan)

Abstract

Breastfeeding is recommended over formula feeding, but human breast milk (HBM) composition varies and can be affected by food additives. Whether flame-retardant polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) found in HBM interact with lipid components of HBM to impede infant neurodevelopment is a critical public health issue. Using lipidomic analysis, we examined the association of PBDEs in HBM and HBM lipid components with infant neurodevelopment. HBM samples (n = 100) were collected at the beginning stage of breastfeeding and analyzed for 30 PBDE congeners as well as a group of lipid components by using high-resolution gas chromatography, mass spectrometry, and liquid chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Infants were examined at 8 to 12 months of age by using the Bayley-III to assess neurodevelopment. A total of seven PBDEs, 35 lipids, and 27 fatty acids in HBM showed significant associations with Bayley-III scores. Multivariate analysis confirmed that these candidate PBDEs and lipid components were significant predictors of infant neurodevelopment. Eicosapentaenoic acid and docosapentaenoic acid in HBM showed no association with infant neurodevelopment in the general Taiwanese population. While certain PBDEs may play a role, our findings indicate that the lipid components of HBM are directly important for infant neurodevelopment.

Suggested Citation

  • Ming-Hsien Tsai & How-Ran Chao & Wen-Li Hsu & Ching-Chung Tsai & Chu-Wen Lin & Chu-Huang Chen, 2021. "Analysis of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers and Lipid Composition in Human Breast Milk and Their Correlation with Infant Neurodevelopment," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(21), pages 1-18, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:21:p:11501-:d:669970
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Lisa M. Coussens & Zena Werb, 2002. "Inflammation and cancer," Nature, Nature, vol. 420(6917), pages 860-867, December.
    2. Cheng-Chih Kao & Danielle E. Que & Sayre J. Bongo & Lemmuel L. Tayo & Yi-Hsien Lin & Chun-Wen Lin & Sheng-Lun Lin & Yan-You Gou & Wen-Li Hsu & Cherng-Gueih Shy & Kuo-Lin Huang & Ming-Hsien Tsai & How-, 2019. "Residue Levels of Organochlorine Pesticides in Breast Milk and Its Associations with Cord Blood Thyroid Hormones and the Offspring’s Neurodevelopment," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(8), pages 1-19, April.
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    1. Marília Cristina Oliveira Souza & Paula Pícoli Devóz & João Paulo Bianchi Ximenez & Mariana Zuccherato Bocato & Bruno Alves Rocha & Fernando Barbosa, 2022. "Potential Health Risk to Brazilian Infants by Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers Exposure via Breast Milk Intake," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(17), pages 1-11, September.

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