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Combined Effects of Different Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs) on Prostate Gland

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  • Maria De Falco

    (Department of Biology, University of Naples ‘‘Federico II’’, 80126 Naples, Italy
    National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems (INBB), 00136 Rome, Italy
    Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology (BAT Center), 80055 Portici, Italy)

  • Vincenza Laforgia

    (Department of Biology, University of Naples ‘‘Federico II’’, 80126 Naples, Italy
    National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems (INBB), 00136 Rome, Italy)

Abstract

Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) belong to a heterogeneous class of environmental pollutants widely diffused in different aquatic and terrestrial habitats. This implies that humans and animals are continuously exposed to EDCs from different matrices and sources. Moreover, pollution derived from anthropic and industrial activities leads to combined exposure to substances with multiple mechanisms of action on the endocrine system and correlated cell and tissue targets. For this reason, specific organs, such as the prostate gland, which physiologically are under the control of hormones like androgens and estrogens, are particularly sensitive to EDC stimulation. It is now well known that an imbalance in hormonal regulation can cause the onset of various prostate diseases, from benign prostate hyperplasia to prostate cancer. In this review, starting with the description of normal prostate gland anatomy and embryology, we summarize recent studies reporting on how the multiple and simultaneous exposure to estrogenic and anti-androgenic compounds belonging to EDCs are responsible for an increase in prostate disease incidence in the human population.

Suggested Citation

  • Maria De Falco & Vincenza Laforgia, 2021. "Combined Effects of Different Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs) on Prostate Gland," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(18), pages 1-18, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:18:p:9772-:d:637127
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Weidong Gan & Ming Zhou & Zou Xiang & Xiaodong Han & Dongmei Li, 2015. "Combined Effects of Nonylphenol and Bisphenol A on the Human Prostate Epithelial Cell Line RWPE-1," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 12(4), pages 1-15, April.
    2. Kevin G. Leong & Bu-Er Wang & Leisa Johnson & Wei-Qiang Gao, 2008. "Generation of a prostate from a single adult stem cell," Nature, Nature, vol. 456(7223), pages 804-808, December.
    3. Marta Benedetti & Amerigo Zona & Eleonora Beccaloni & Mario Carere & Pietro Comba, 2017. "Incidence of Breast, Prostate, Testicular, and Thyroid Cancer in Italian Contaminated Sites with Presence of Substances with Endocrine Disrupting Properties," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 14(4), pages 1-11, March.
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