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Optimizing Early Neonatal Nutrition and Dietary Pattern in Premature Infants

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  • Cornelia Wiechers

    (Department of Neonatology, University Children′s Hospital, Eberhard Karls University, Calwerstr. 7, 72076 Tübingen, Germany)

  • Wolfgang Bernhard

    (Department of Neonatology, University Children′s Hospital, Eberhard Karls University, Calwerstr. 7, 72076 Tübingen, Germany)

  • Rangmar Goelz

    (Department of Neonatology, University Children′s Hospital, Eberhard Karls University, Calwerstr. 7, 72076 Tübingen, Germany)

  • Christian F. Poets

    (Department of Neonatology, University Children′s Hospital, Eberhard Karls University, Calwerstr. 7, 72076 Tübingen, Germany)

  • Axel R. Franz

    (Department of Neonatology, University Children′s Hospital, Eberhard Karls University, Calwerstr. 7, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
    Center for Pediatric Clinical Studies, University Children′s Hospital, Eberhard Karls University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany)

Abstract

Providing adequate amounts of all essential macro- and micronutrients to preterm infants during the period of extraordinarily rapid growth from 24 to 34 weeks’ postmenstrual age to achieve growth as in utero is challenging yet important, since early growth restriction and suboptimal neonatal nutrition have been identified as risk factors for adverse long-term development. Along with now well-established early parenteral nutrition, this review emphasizes enteral nutrition, which should be started early and rapidly increased. To minimize the side effects of parenteral nutrition and improve outcomes, early full enteral nutrition based on expressed mothers’ own milk is an important goal. Although neonatal nutrition has improved in recent decades, existing knowledge about, for example, the optimal composition and duration of parenteral nutrition, practical aspects of the transition to full enteral nutrition or the need for breast milk fortification is limited and intensively discussed. Therefore, further prospective studies on various aspects of preterm infant feeding are needed, especially with regard to the effects on long-term outcomes. This narrative review will summarize currently available and still missing evidence regarding optimal preterm infant nutrition, with emphasis on enteral nutrition and early postnatal growth, and deduce a practical approach.

Suggested Citation

  • Cornelia Wiechers & Wolfgang Bernhard & Rangmar Goelz & Christian F. Poets & Axel R. Franz, 2021. "Optimizing Early Neonatal Nutrition and Dietary Pattern in Premature Infants," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(14), pages 1-13, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:14:p:7544-:d:594981
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Atanu Sengupta & Sanjoy De, 2020. "Review of Literature," India Studies in Business and Economics, in: Assessing Performance of Banks in India Fifty Years After Nationalization, chapter 0, pages 15-30, Springer.
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