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A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Hospitalised Current Smokers and COVID-19

Author

Listed:
  • Jesus González-Rubio

    (School of Medicine, CRIB, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 02008 Albacete, Spain
    Contributed equally.)

  • Carmen Navarro-López

    (Hospital General La Mancha Centro, Servicio de Salud de Castilla-La Mancha, Alcazar de San Juan, 13600 Ciudad Real, Spain)

  • Elena López-Nájera

    (Gerencia de Atención Primaria, Salud de Castilla y Leon, 05003 Avila, Spain)

  • Ana López-Nájera

    (Gerencia de Emergencias Sanitarias, 47407 Salud de Castilla y Leon, Spain)

  • Lydia Jiménez-Díaz

    (Centre for Biomedical Research, School of Medicine, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
    Contributed equally.)

  • Juan D. Navarro-López

    (Centre for Biomedical Research, School of Medicine, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
    Contributed equally.)

  • Alberto Nájera

    (School of Medicine, CRIB, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 02008 Albacete, Spain
    Contributed equally.)

Abstract

SARS-CoV-2 is a new coronavirus that has caused a worldwide pandemic. It produces severe acute respiratory disease (COVID-19), which is fatal in many cases, characterised by the cytokine release syndrome (CRS). According to the World Health Organization, those who smoke are likely to be more vulnerable to infection. Here, in order to clarify the epidemiologic relationship between smoking and COVID-19, we present a systematic literature review until 28th April 2020 and a meta-analysis. We included 18 recent COVID-19 clinical and epidemiological studies based on smoking patient status from 720 initial studies in China, the USA, and Italy. The percentage of hospitalised current smokers was 7.7% (95% CI: 6.9–8.4) in China, 2.3% (95% CI: 1.7–2.9) in the USA and 7.6% (95% CI: 4.2–11.0) in Italy. These percentages were compared to the smoking prevalence of each country and statistically significant differences were found in them all ( p < 0.0001). By means of the meta-analysis, we offer epidemiological evidence showing that smokers were statistically less likely to be hospitalised (OR = 0.18, 95% CI: 0.14–0.23, p < 0.01). In conclusion, the analysis of data from 18 studies shows a much lower percentage of hospitalised current smokers than expected. As more studies become available, this trend should be checked to obtain conclusive results and to explore, where appropriate, the underlying mechanism of the severe progression and adverse outcomes of COVID-19.

Suggested Citation

  • Jesus González-Rubio & Carmen Navarro-López & Elena López-Nájera & Ana López-Nájera & Lydia Jiménez-Díaz & Juan D. Navarro-López & Alberto Nájera, 2020. "A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Hospitalised Current Smokers and COVID-19," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(20), pages 1-16, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:17:y:2020:i:20:p:7394-:d:426099
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Jaber S Alqahtani & Tope Oyelade & Abdulelah M Aldhahir & Saeed M Alghamdi & Mater Almehmadi & Abdullah S Alqahtani & Shumonta Quaderi & Swapna Mandal & John R Hurst, 2020. "Prevalence, Severity and Mortality associated with COPD and Smoking in patients with COVID-19: A Rapid Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 15(5), pages 1-13, May.
    2. Zhan, Xiu-Xiu & Liu, Chuang & Zhou, Ge & Zhang, Zi-Ke & Sun, Gui-Quan & Zhu, Jonathan J.H. & Jin, Zhen, 2018. "Coupling dynamics of epidemic spreading and information diffusion on complex networks," Applied Mathematics and Computation, Elsevier, vol. 332(C), pages 437-448.
    3. Lyudmila V. Borovikova & Svetlana Ivanova & Minghuang Zhang & Huan Yang & Galina I. Botchkina & Linda R. Watkins & Haichao Wang & Naji Abumrad & John W. Eaton & Kevin J. Tracey, 2000. "Vagus nerve stimulation attenuates the systemic inflammatory response to endotoxin," Nature, Nature, vol. 405(6785), pages 458-462, May.
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    Cited by:

    1. Rhys Hamon & Miranda P. Ween, 2022. "E-Cigarette Vapour Increases ACE2 and TMPRSS2 Expression in a Flavour- and Nicotine-Dependent Manner," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(22), pages 1-12, November.
    2. Jesus González-Rubio & Carmen Navarro-López & Elena López-Najera & Ana López-Najera & Lydia Jiménez-Díaz & Juan D. Navarro-López & Alberto Najera, 2020. "Response to the Comment on “A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Hospitalised Current Smokers and COVID-19”," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(24), pages 1-3, December.

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