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Prevalence of Blood Lead among Children Living in Battery Recycling Communities in Greater Jakarta, Indonesia

Author

Listed:
  • Nurhayati A. Prihartono

    (Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas of Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia)

  • Ratna Djuwita

    (Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas of Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia)

  • Putri B. Mahmud

    (Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas of Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia)

  • Budi Haryanto

    (Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas of Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia)

  • Helda Helda

    (Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas of Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia)

  • Tri Yunis Miko Wahyono

    (Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas of Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia)

  • Timothy Dignam

    (Division of Environmental Health Science and Practice, National Center for Environmental Health, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA)

Abstract

This study aimed to assess the prevalence of blood lead levels (BLLs) among children 1 to 5 years old who reside near and distant to informally used lead-acid battery (ULAB) recycling locations and examine risk factors for elevated BLLs. A cross-sectional study was conducted in three greater Jakarta neighborhoods where informal ULAB recycling occurs. Venous BLLs among 279 children were analyzed using portable blood lead testing machines. Demographic, child activities, and sources of lead exposure inside and outside homes were assessed. Multivariate analysis was performed to evaluate factors associated with the prevalence of BLLs. Forty-seven percent of children had BLLs ≥ 5 µg/dL and 9% had BLLs ≥ 10 µg/dL. No differences in geometric mean BLLs were observed between children who lived near and distant to ULAB locations. Older child age groups [Prevalence Ratio (PR) 2.14, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 1.16, 4.18) and low household income (PR 1.58, 95% CI 1.03, 2.40) were associated with BLLs 5–9 µg/dL. Low educational attainment of the child’s father (PR 3.17, 95% CI 1.23, 8.16) and frequent outdoor child activity (PR 4.93, 95% CI 1.09, 22.21) were predictors of BLLs ≥ 10 µg/dL. This study shows the association between lead exposure among children and environmental sources. Public health officials can consider expanded surveillance, health care provider education, and development of strategies to reduce lead exposure.

Suggested Citation

  • Nurhayati A. Prihartono & Ratna Djuwita & Putri B. Mahmud & Budi Haryanto & Helda Helda & Tri Yunis Miko Wahyono & Timothy Dignam, 2019. "Prevalence of Blood Lead among Children Living in Battery Recycling Communities in Greater Jakarta, Indonesia," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(7), pages 1-11, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:16:y:2019:i:7:p:1276-:d:221396
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Emmanuel Obeng-Gyasi, 2018. "Hepatobiliary Related Outcomes in US Adults Exposed to Lead," 2018 Stata Conference 81, Stata Users Group.
    2. May K. Woo & Elisabeth S. Young & Md Golam Mostofa & Sakila Afroz & Md Omar Sharif Ibne Hasan & Quazi Quamruzzaman & David C. Bellinger & David C. Christiani & Maitreyi Mazumdar, 2018. "Lead in Air in Bangladesh: Exposure in a Rural Community with Elevated Blood Lead Concentrations among Young Children," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(9), pages 1-14, September.
    3. Deborah Havens & Minh Hong Pham & Catherine J. Karr & William E. Daniell, 2018. "Blood Lead Levels and Risk Factors for Lead Exposure in a Pediatric Population in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(1), pages 1-12, January.
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