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Reaction Engineering of Direct Coal Liquefaction

Author

Listed:
  • Ken K. Robinson

    (Mega-Carbon Company, 5N553 Jens Jensen Lane, St. Charles, IL 60175, USA)

Abstract

Direct coal liquefaction has been studied and practiced since the 1930s. It was used in Germany during World War II to produce synthetic fuels when there was no oil allowed into the country. Since then, it has been studied in the United States and many different technologies have been investigated. Since the US is rich in coal resources, this is one way to be energy independent. Most of the development activity occurred in the 1980s and numerous technologies were studied, the most notable of these being H-Coal, Exxon Donor Solvent, Solvent Refined Coal, and Two Stage Liquefaction. The key elements of these technologies, particularly the reaction/reactor scheme, are discussed in this review.

Suggested Citation

  • Ken K. Robinson, 2009. "Reaction Engineering of Direct Coal Liquefaction," Energies, MDPI, vol. 2(4), pages 1-31, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:2:y:2009:i:4:p:976-1006:d:6061
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    Citations

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    Cited by:

    1. Moinuddin Ghauri & Khurram Shahzad & Abrar Inayat & Zulfiqar Ali & Waqar Ali Khan & Javaid Akhtar & Keith R. Cliffe, 2016. "High Pressure Oxydesulphurisation of Coal—Effect of Oxidizing Agent, Solvent, Shear and Agitator Configuration," Energies, MDPI, vol. 9(7), pages 1-15, June.
    2. Moinuddin Ghauri & Khurram Shahzad & Abrar Inayat & Zulfiqar Ali & Keith R. Cliffe, 2016. "High Pressure Oxydesulphurisation of Coal Using KMnO 4 —Effect of Coal Slurry Concentration, pH and Alkali," Energies, MDPI, vol. 9(4), pages 1-14, April.
    3. Jiang, Yuan & Bhattacharyya, Debangsu, 2017. "Techno-economic analysis of direct coal-biomass to liquids (CBTL) plants with shale gas utilization and CO2 capture and storage (CCS)," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 189(C), pages 433-448.
    4. Moinuddin Ghauri & Abrar Inayat & Muhammad Tariq Bashir & Salmiaton B. Ali & Keith R. Cliffe, 2013. "High Pressure Oxydesulphurisation of Coal—A Parametric Study," Energies, MDPI, vol. 6(4), pages 1-14, April.
    5. Jiang, Yuan & Bhattacharyya, Debangsu, 2016. "Process modeling of direct coal-biomass to liquids (CBTL) plants with shale gas utilization and CO2 capture and storage (CCS)," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 183(C), pages 1616-1632.
    6. Hengfu Shui & Zhenyi Cai & Chunbao Xu, 2010. "Recent Advances in Direct Coal Liquefaction," Energies, MDPI, vol. 3(2), pages 1-16, January.
    7. Ail, Snehesh Shivananda & Dasappa, S., 2016. "Biomass to liquid transportation fuel via Fischer Tropsch synthesis – Technology review and current scenario," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 58(C), pages 267-286.
    8. Engin Kocaturk & Tufan Salan & Orhan Ozcelik & Mehmet Hakkı Alma & Zeki Candan, 2023. "Recent Advances in Lignin-Based Biofuel Production," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(8), pages 1-17, April.

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