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Categorization of Residential Appliances Using ZIP Load Modeling and Conservation Voltage Reduction Analysis

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  • Mithila Seva Bala Sundaram

    (Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE) UM Power Energy Dedicated Advanced Centre (UMPEDAC), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 59990, Malaysia)

  • Wai Tong Chor

    (Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE) UM Power Energy Dedicated Advanced Centre (UMPEDAC), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 59990, Malaysia)

  • Jeyraj Selvaraj

    (Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE) UM Power Energy Dedicated Advanced Centre (UMPEDAC), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 59990, Malaysia)

  • Ab Halim Abu Bakar

    (Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE) UM Power Energy Dedicated Advanced Centre (UMPEDAC), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 59990, Malaysia)

  • ChiaKwang Tan

    (Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE) UM Power Energy Dedicated Advanced Centre (UMPEDAC), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 59990, Malaysia)

Abstract

This research aimed to ascertain the ZIP (constant impedance, constant current, and constant power) coefficients and Conservation of Voltage Reduction factor (CVR f ) for residential appliances as well as for the residential network feeders in Malaysia through measurement and simulation analysis. The required power data were obtained through varying the supply voltage from 250 V to 215 V with a 5 V reduction. The appliances’ components were identified using the ZIP coefficients solved with the Sequential Least Squares Programming optimizer in Python (Spyder 5.5.4). The CVR f for residential appliances was determined using the well-established voltage and power correlation analysis. The study’s findings demonstrate a strong association between the appliance load composition determined by the ZIP load model and CVR f . This paper’s primary contribution is a comprehensive analysis conducted using the ZIP and CVR techniques to ascertain each appliance’s load composition. Based on the findings of this study, a classification is developed and extended to include a range of findings from other published studies in which the conclusion is consistent. Moreover, the CVR f value for one residence corresponds to a residential substation CVR f which is further validated via bottom-up load model analysis. The main contribution of this paper is to categorize residential appliances based on constant impedance, constant current, and constant power through the ZIP load model and the CVR f . Additionally, this CVR analysis is the pioneer study in Malaysia; thus, it is crucial to develop a systematic approach for identifying and classifying household devices according to their electrical characteristics. Load categorization provides the fundamental understanding about an appliance to determine its behavior towards a change in voltage, thus establishing cost savings and energy management in a home.

Suggested Citation

  • Mithila Seva Bala Sundaram & Wai Tong Chor & Jeyraj Selvaraj & Ab Halim Abu Bakar & ChiaKwang Tan, 2025. "Categorization of Residential Appliances Using ZIP Load Modeling and Conservation Voltage Reduction Analysis," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(8), pages 1-25, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:18:y:2025:i:8:p:1999-:d:1633912
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Gaurav Yadav & Yuan Liao & Nicholas Jewell & Dan M. Ionel, 2022. "CVR Study and Active Power Loss Estimation Based on Analytical and ANN Method," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(13), pages 1-19, June.
    2. Bingtuan Gao & Xiaofeng Liu & Zhenyu Zhu, 2018. "A Bottom-Up Model for Household Load Profile Based on the Consumption Behavior of Residents," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(8), pages 1-16, August.
    3. Anthony Faustine & Lucas Pereira, 2020. "Improved Appliance Classification in Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring Using Weighted Recurrence Graph and Convolutional Neural Networks," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(13), pages 1-15, July.
    4. Mithila Seva Bala Sundaram & ChiaKwang Tan & Jeyraj Selvaraj & Ab. Halim Abu Bakar, 2023. "Energy Savings for Various Residential Appliances and Distribution Networks in a Malaysian Scenario," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(13), pages 1-18, June.
    5. Kwan-Shik Shim & Seok-Il Go & Sang-Yun Yun & Joon-Ho Choi & Won Nam-Koong & Chang-Hoon Shin & Seon-Ju Ahn, 2017. "Estimation of Conservation Voltage Reduction Factors Using Measurement Data of KEPCO System," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(12), pages 1-16, December.
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