IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v18y2025i15p3954-d1708957.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Cooling Systems for High-Speed Machines—Review and Design Considerations

Author

Listed:
  • Matthew Meier

    (Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan State University, 428 S. Shaw Lane, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA)

  • Elias G. Strangas

    (Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan State University, 428 S. Shaw Lane, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA)

Abstract

High-speed machines are attractive to many industries due to their small size and light weight, but present unique cooling challenges due to their increased loss and reduced surface area. Cooling system advancements are central to the development of faster, smaller machines, and as such, are constantly evolving. This paper presents a review of classical and state-of-the-art cooling systems. Each cooling method—air cooling, indirect liquid cooling, and direct liquid cooling—has potential use in cooling high-speed machines, but each comes with unique considerations, which are discussed. An example design process highlights the interdependence of the electromagnetic and thermal design choices, illustrating the necessity of integrating the electromagnetic and thermal designs in a holistic approach.

Suggested Citation

  • Matthew Meier & Elias G. Strangas, 2025. "Cooling Systems for High-Speed Machines—Review and Design Considerations," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(15), pages 1-29, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:18:y:2025:i:15:p:3954-:d:1708957
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/18/15/3954/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/18/15/3954/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Jing Yin & Shangming Wang & Xuehao Sang & Zhifu Zhou & Bin Chen & Panidis Thrassos & Alexandros Romeos & Athanasios Giannadakis, 2022. "Spray Cooling as a High-Efficient Thermal Management Solution: A Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(22), pages 1-29, November.
    2. Wei Le & Mingyao Lin & Keman Lin & Kai Liu & Lun Jia & Anchen Yang & Shuai Wang, 2021. "A Novel Stator Cooling Structure for Yokeless and Segmented Armature Axial Flux Machine with Heat Pipe," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(18), pages 1-15, September.
    3. Ralf Johannes Keuter & Florian Niebuhr & Marius Nozinski & Eike Krüger & Stephan Kabelac & Bernd Ponick, 2023. "Design of a Direct-Liquid-Cooled Motor and Operation Strategy for the Cooling System," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(14), pages 1-14, July.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Selvin Raj, Jaya Antony Perinba & Asirvatham, Lazarus Godson & Angeline, Appadurai Anitha & Manova, Stephen & Rakshith, Bairi Levi & Bose, Jefferson Raja & Mahian, Omid & Wongwises, Somchai, 2024. "Thermal management strategies and power ratings of electric vehicle motors," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 189(PB).
    2. Xiaochen Zhang & Han Zhao & Jing Li & Fengyu Zhang & Yue Zhang & Hongyu Yan & Zhihao Niu & David Gerada & He Zhang, 2022. "Experimental Investigation of Heat Pipe Inclination Angle Effect on Temperature Nonuniformity in Electrical Machines," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(1), pages 1-14, December.
    3. Hao Yang & Fan Wu & Jinhao Fu & Junxiong Zeng & Xiaojin Fu & Guangtao Zhai & Feng Zhang, 2025. "Study of the Thermal Performance of Oil-Cooled Electric Motor with Different Oil-Jet Ring Configurations," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(16), pages 1-22, August.
    4. Sameer Madhavan & Raunak Devdatta P B & Edison Gundabattini & Arkadiusz Mystkowski, 2022. "Thermal Analysis and Heat Management Strategies for an Induction Motor, a Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(21), pages 1-20, October.
    5. Jae-Beom Kang & Ji-Young Lee & Ji-Heon Lee, 2022. "Guidelines for Determining the Initial Shape and Specifications of High-Speed AFPM Based on Recent Research," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(16), pages 1-16, August.
    6. Adrian Schäfer & Urs Pecha & Benedikt Kaiser & Martin Schmid & Nejila Parspour, 2023. "Accelerated 3D FEA of an Axial Flux Machine by Exclusively Using the Magnetic Scalar Potential," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(18), pages 1-24, September.
    7. Wang, Shangming & Zhou, Zhifu & Sang, Xuehao & Chen, Bin & Romeos, Alexandros & Giannadakis, Athanasios & Thrassos, Panidis, 2023. "Coupling dynamic thermal analysis and surface modification to enhance heat dissipation of R410A spray cooling for high-power electronics," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 284(C).
    8. Sangyoon Lee & Sangook Jun & Jae-Sung Huh & Poomin Park & Byeung-Jun Lim, 2024. "Inclined Installation Effect on the Offset Strip Finned Heat Exchanger Designed for a Hybrid Electric Propulsion System in Electric Vertical Take-Off and Landing," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(19), pages 1-17, October.
    9. Guangchen Wang & Yingjie Wang & Yuan Gao & Wei Hua & Qinan Ni & Hengliang Zhang, 2022. "Thermal Model Approach to the YASA Machine for In-Wheel Traction Applications," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(15), pages 1-18, July.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:18:y:2025:i:15:p:3954-:d:1708957. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.