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Upgrading/Deacidification of Biofuels (Gasoline, Kerosene, and Diesel-like Hydrocarbons) by Adsorption Using Activated Red-Mud-Based Adsorbents

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  • Nélio Teixeira Machado

    (Graduate Program of Natural Resources Engineering of Amazon, Professional Campus—UFPA, Federal University of Pará, Rua Augusto Corrêa N° 1, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil
    Faculty of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Campus Profissional–UFPA, Universidade Federal do Pará, Rua Corrêa N° 1, Belém 66075-900, PA, Brazil)

  • Karen Marcela Barros da Costa

    (Graduate Program of Chemical Engineering, Campus Profissional—UFPA, Federal University of Pará, Rua Augusto Corrêa N° 1, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil)

  • Silvio Alex Pereira da Mota

    (Laboratory of Processes and Transformation of Materials (LPTM), Faculty of Materials Engineering, Federal University of Southern and Southeastern Pará, Block 17, Block 4, Special Lot, Marabá 68505-080, PA, Brazil)

  • Luiz Eduardo Pizarro Borges

    (Laboratory of Catalyst Preparation and Catalytic Cracking, Section of Chemical Engineering-IME, Praça General Tibúrcio N° 80, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, RJ, Brazil)

  • Andréia de Andrade Mancio da Mota

    (Graduate Program of Natural Resources Engineering of Amazon, Professional Campus—UFPA, Federal University of Pará, Rua Augusto Corrêa N° 1, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil
    Laboratory of Processes and Transformation of Materials (LPTM), Faculty of Materials Engineering, Federal University of Southern and Southeastern Pará, Block 17, Block 4, Special Lot, Marabá 68505-080, PA, Brazil)

Abstract

This study explored the adsorption of carboxylic acids, especially free fatty acids (FFAs), present in biofuel (distilled fractions of bio-oil such as gasoline-like hydrocarbons, kerosene-like hydrocarbons, and diesel-like hydrocarbons) using red-mud-based adsorbents. The red mud was thermally activated at 40 °C and 600 °C and chemically activated with 0.25M, 1M, and 2M HCl. Analytical techniques were used to characterize the adsorbents’ properties. At the same time, the study examined factors like feed type, adsorbents, FFA contents, adsorbent percentage, activation temperature, acid solution concentration, and contact time to assess adsorption efficiency. The characterization results indicated that chemical activation with 0.25M HCl significantly increased the surface area to 84.3290 m 2 /g, surpassing that of the thermally activated samples (35.2450 m 2 /g at 400 °C). Adsorption experiments demonstrated that all chemically activated samples, with 5% adsorbent, adsorbed over 2000 mg of FFAs per gram of adsorbent, with CARM-1M HCl achieving 100% removal of acids from gasoline-like hydrocarbons. Kinetic modeling showed that the pseudo-second-order model best represented the adsorption data, as evidenced by high R 2 values and close agreement between the experimental and calculated q e values. Therefore, adsorption with chemically activated red mud efficiently deacidifies biofuels, providing a cost-effective and promising approach for their upgrading.

Suggested Citation

  • Nélio Teixeira Machado & Karen Marcela Barros da Costa & Silvio Alex Pereira da Mota & Luiz Eduardo Pizarro Borges & Andréia de Andrade Mancio da Mota, 2025. "Upgrading/Deacidification of Biofuels (Gasoline, Kerosene, and Diesel-like Hydrocarbons) by Adsorption Using Activated Red-Mud-Based Adsorbents," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(13), pages 1-28, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:18:y:2025:i:13:p:3250-:d:1684184
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Nélio Teixeira Machado & Andréia de Andrade Mancio da Mota & Jhuliana da Silva Santanna & Valtiane de Jesus Pantoja da Gama & José Roberto Zamian & Luiz Eduardo Pizarro Borges & Silvio Alex Pereira da, 2023. "Catalytic Cracking of Palm Oil: Effect of Catalyst Reuse and Reaction Time of the Quality of Biofuels-like Fractions," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(20), pages 1-37, October.
    2. Jiashi Li & Xiaoqiang Dong & Xiaofeng Liu & Xin Xu & Wei Duan & Junboum Park & Lei Gao & Yisi Lu, 2022. "Comparative Study on the Adsorption Characteristics of Heavy Metal Ions by Activated Carbon and Selected Natural Adsorbents," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(23), pages 1-17, November.
    3. Shamsul, N.S. & Kamarudin, S.K. & Rahman, N.A., 2017. "Conversion of bio-oil to bio gasoline via pyrolysis and hydrothermal: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 80(C), pages 538-549.
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