The Potential of Dolomite as a Heterogeneous Catalyst in Biodiesel Synthesis: A Review

Biodiesel is obtained by transesterification of triglycerides using catalysts. The possibilities of using a natural catalyst—dolomite in the synthesis of biodiesel are explored in this article. The conditions for preparing dolomite are presented, with considerable emphasis placed on the dependence of the structural changes and activity of dolomite on the calcination conditions. The optimal conditions for the transesterification of triglycerides with methanol are discussed, along with the possibilities for dolomite regeneration and reuse. It has been established that the calcination temperature of dolomite ranges from 800 to 900 °C, and using it can produce biodiesel that meets standard requirements, but this requires a large excess of alcohol in the transesterification reaction medium. The main issues related to the use of dolomite are linked to increasing catalytic activity and the possibilities of regenerating and reusing it. Researchers have recently focused on this by studying the possibilities of modifying dolomite using physical and chemical processes. The findings are contradictory and further studies are necessary, the possibilities for reuse have also been insufficiently explored. It is appropriate to analyze the economic indicators of dolomite preparation, modification, and regeneration in comparison with the preparation of other catalysts, so that the use of this catalyst aligns with the principles of sustainable synthesis.