IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v16y2023i7p3121-d1111063.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

In-Wheel Motor Drive Systems for Electric Vehicles: State of the Art, Challenges, and Future Trends

Author

Listed:
  • Kritika Deepak

    (MOBI-EPOWERS Research Group, ETEC Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium
    Flanders Make, Gaston Geenslaan 8, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium)

  • Mohamed Amine Frikha

    (MOBI-EPOWERS Research Group, ETEC Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium
    Flanders Make, Gaston Geenslaan 8, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium)

  • Yassine Benômar

    (MOBI-EPOWERS Research Group, ETEC Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium
    Flanders Make, Gaston Geenslaan 8, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium)

  • Mohamed El Baghdadi

    (MOBI-EPOWERS Research Group, ETEC Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium
    Flanders Make, Gaston Geenslaan 8, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium)

  • Omar Hegazy

    (MOBI-EPOWERS Research Group, ETEC Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium
    Flanders Make, Gaston Geenslaan 8, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium)

Abstract

Recently, there has been significant attention given to the electrification of transportation due to concerns about fossil fuel depletion and environmental pollution. Conventional drive systems typically include a clutch, reduction gear, and mechanical differential, which results in power loss, noise, vibration, and additional maintenance. However, in-wheel motor drive technology eliminates the need for these components, providing benefits such as higher system efficiency, improved wheel control, and increased passenger comfort. This article offers a comprehensive review of the technology and development of in-wheel motor drives. It begins with an overview of in-wheel motor drives in electric vehicles, followed by an exploration of the types of electric motors suitable for in-wheel motor drives. The paper then presents an industrial state of the art of in-wheel motors, comparing them with conventional motor drives, and reviews the implemented power electronics, control system, and cooling systems. Finally, the paper concludes by providing an outlook on the challenges and future trends of in-wheel drive systems.

Suggested Citation

  • Kritika Deepak & Mohamed Amine Frikha & Yassine Benômar & Mohamed El Baghdadi & Omar Hegazy, 2023. "In-Wheel Motor Drive Systems for Electric Vehicles: State of the Art, Challenges, and Future Trends," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(7), pages 1-31, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:16:y:2023:i:7:p:3121-:d:1111063
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/16/7/3121/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/16/7/3121/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Shaopeng Wu & Jinyang Zhou & Xinmiao Zhang & Jiaqiang Yu, 2022. "Design and Research on High Power Density Motor of Integrated Motor Drive System for Electric Vehicles," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(10), pages 1-23, May.
    2. Akihisa Hattori & Toshihiko Noguchi & Hiromu Kamiyama, 2022. "High-Torque Density Design of Small Motors for Automotive Applications with Double Axial-Air-Gap Structures," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(19), pages 1-20, October.
    3. Yuqing Yao & Chunhua Liu & Christopher H.T. Lee, 2018. "Quantitative Comparisons of Six-Phase Outer-Rotor Permanent-Magnet Brushless Machines for Electric Vehicles," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(8), pages 1-18, August.
    4. Bowen Zhang & Zaixin Song & Senyi Liu & Rundong Huang & Chunhua Liu, 2022. "Overview of Integrated Electric Motor Drives: Opportunities and Challenges," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(21), pages 1-23, November.
    5. Gerardo Ruiz-Ponce & Marco A. Arjona & Concepcion Hernandez & Rafael Escarela-Perez, 2023. "A Review of Magnetic Gear Technologies Used in Mechanical Power Transmission," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(4), pages 1-32, February.
    6. Wenjie Wu & Liang Xu & Bin Liu, 2022. "Design, Analysis, and Optimization of Permanent Magnet Vernier Machines Considering Rotor Losses," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(4), pages 1-15, February.
    7. Armagan Bozkurt & Ahmet Fevzi Baba & Yusuf Oner, 2021. "Design of Outer-Rotor Permanent-Magnet-Assisted Synchronous Reluctance Motor for Electric Vehicles," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(13), pages 1-12, June.
    8. Christopher H. T. Lee & Matthew Angle & Krishan Kant Bhalla & Mohammad Qasim & Jie Mei & Sajjad Mohammadi & K. Lakshmi Varaha Iyer & Jasmin Jijina Sinkular & James L. Kirtley, 2018. "Quantitative Comparison of Vernier Permanent-Magnet Motors with Interior Permanent-Magnet Motor for Hybrid Electric Vehicles," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(10), pages 1-15, September.
    9. Fatma Keskin Arabul & Ibrahim Senol & Yasemin Oner, 2020. "Performance Analysis of Axial-Flux Induction Motor with Skewed Rotor," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(19), pages 1-15, September.
    10. Cheng Lin & Zhifeng Xu, 2015. "Wheel Torque Distribution of Four-Wheel-Drive Electric Vehicles Based on Multi-Objective Optimization," Energies, MDPI, vol. 8(5), pages 1-17, April.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Jiongjiong Cai & Peng Ke & Xiao Qu & Zihui Wang, 2022. "Research on the Design of Auxiliary Generator for Enthalpy Reduction and Steady Speed Scroll Expander," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(9), pages 1-17, April.
    2. Ozturk Tosun & Necibe Fusun Oyman Serteller, 2022. "The Design of the Outer-Rotor Brushless DC Motor and an Investigation of Motor Axial-Length-to-Pole-Pitch Ratio," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(19), pages 1-14, October.
    3. Yingnan Wang & Chengming Zhang & Chaoyu Zhang & Liyi Li, 2023. "Review of High-Power-Density and Fault-Tolerant Design of Propulsion Motors for Electric Aircraft," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(19), pages 1-31, October.
    4. Jong Myung Kim & Jae Young Jang & Jaewon Chung & Young Jin Hwang, 2019. "A New Outer-Rotor Hybrid-Excited Flux-Switching Machine Employing the HTS Homopolar Topology," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(14), pages 1-17, July.
    5. Rufei Hou & Li Zhai & Tianmin Sun, 2018. "Steering Stability Control for a Four Hub-Motor Independent-Drive Electric Vehicle with Varying Adhesion Coefficient," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(9), pages 1-17, September.
    6. Sandra Eriksson, 2019. "Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(14), pages 1-5, July.
    7. Marcin Żugaj & Mohammed Edawdi & Grzegorz Iwański & Sebastian Topczewski & Przemysław Bibik & Piotr Fabiański, 2023. "An Unmanned Helicopter Energy Consumption Analysis," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(4), pages 1-28, February.
    8. Valentin Mateev & Miglenna Todorova & Iliana Marinova, 2023. "Design Aspects of Conical Coaxial Magnetic Gears," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(10), pages 1-16, May.
    9. Wenjing Hu & Xueyi Zhang & Hongbin Yin & Huihui Geng & Yufeng Zhang & Liwei Shi, 2020. "Analysis of Magnetic Field and Electromagnetic Performance of a New Hybrid Excitation Synchronous Motor with dual-V type Magnets," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(6), pages 1-19, March.
    10. Jin Wang & Yan Li & Shengnan Wu & Zhanyang Yu & Lihui Chen, 2022. "Analysis of the Influence of Parameter Condition on Whole Load Power Factor and Efficiency of Line Start Permanent Magnet Assisted Synchronous Reluctance Motor," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(11), pages 1-16, May.
    11. Vladimir Prakht & Mohamed N. Ibrahim & Vadim Kazakbaev, 2023. "Energy Efficiency Improvement of Electric Machines without Rare-Earth Magnets," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(8), pages 1-3, April.
    12. João F. P. Fernandes & Pedro P. C. Bhagubai & Paulo J. C. Branco, 2022. "Recent Developments in Electrical Machine Design for the Electrification of Industrial and Transportation Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(17), pages 1-13, September.
    13. Zhaolong Zhang & Yuan Zou & Xudong Zhang & Zhifeng Xu & Han Wang, 2020. "Driver Model Based on Optimized Calculation and Functional Safety Simulation," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(24), pages 1-12, December.
    14. Peter Stumpf & Tamás Tóth-Katona, 2023. "Recent Achievements in the Control of Interior Permanent-Magnet Synchronous Machine Drives: A Comprehensive Overview of the State of the Art," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(13), pages 1-46, July.
    15. Sameer Madhavan & Raunak Devdatta P B & Edison Gundabattini & Arkadiusz Mystkowski, 2022. "Thermal Analysis and Heat Management Strategies for an Induction Motor, a Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(21), pages 1-20, October.
    16. Piotr Szewczyk & Andrzej Łebkowski, 2021. "Studies on Energy Consumption of Electric Light Commercial Vehicle Powered by In-Wheel Drive Modules," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(22), pages 1-28, November.
    17. Junnian Wang & Siwen Lv & Nana Sun & Shoulin Gao & Wen Sun & Zidong Zhou, 2021. "Torque Vectoring Control of RWID Electric Vehicle for Reducing Driving-Wheel Slippage Energy Dissipation in Cornering," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(23), pages 1-16, December.
    18. Wenich Vattanapuripakorn & Sathapon Sonsupap & Khomson Khannam & Natthakrit Bamrungwong & Prachakon Kaewkhiaw & Jiradanai Sarasamkan & Bopit Bubphachot, 2022. "Advanced Electric Battery Power Storage for Motors through the Use of Differential Gears and High Torque for Recirculating Power Generation," Clean Technol., MDPI, vol. 4(4), pages 1-14, October.
    19. Liang Xu & Wenxiang Zhao & Guohai Liu, 2019. "Improved SVPWM Fault-Tolerant Control Strategy for Five-Phase Permanent-Magnet Motor," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(24), pages 1-15, December.
    20. Youguang Guo & Lin Liu & Xin Ba & Haiyan Lu & Gang Lei & Wenliang Yin & Jianguo Zhu, 2022. "Measurement and Modeling of Magnetic Materials under 3D Vectorial Magnetization for Electrical Machine Design and Analysis," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(1), pages 1-11, December.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:16:y:2023:i:7:p:3121-:d:1111063. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.