IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v16y2023i4p1920-d1069170.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Water Content in Transformer Insulation System: A Review on the Detection and Quantification Methods

Author

Listed:
  • Siti Rosilah Arsad

    (Institute of Sustainable Energy, Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia)

  • Pin Jern Ker

    (Institute of Sustainable Energy, Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia)

  • Md. Zaini Jamaludin

    (Institute of Power Engineering, Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia)

  • Pooi Ying Choong

    (Institute of Sustainable Energy, Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia)

  • Hui Jing Lee

    (Institute of Power Engineering, Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia)

  • Vimal Angela Thiviyanathan

    (Institute of Sustainable Energy, Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia)

  • Young Zaidey Yang Ghazali

    (Tenaga Nasional Bhd., Petaling Jaya 46200, Selangor, Malaysia)

Abstract

Water can be an irritant to a power transformer, as it is recognized as a major hazard to the operation of transformers. The water content of a transformer insulation system comprises the water in the transformer insulation oil and in the cellulose paper. The increase in the water content in the insulation system leads to reduced breakdown voltage, accelerated aging of the oil–paper insulation system, and the possibility of producing bubbles at high temperatures. Therefore, various techniques have been applied to measure the water content in both oil and paper insulation. This article comprehensively reviews and analyzes the methods (technically or nontechnically) that have been used to monitor the water content in transformer insulation systems. Apart from discussing the advantages and major drawbacks of these methods, the accuracy, measurement time, and cost of each technique are also elucidated in this review. This review can be extremely useful to the utility in monitoring and maintaining the good condition of transformers. Based on the reviewed methods and their challenges, a few future research directions and prospects for determining the water content in transformer insulation systems are outlined, such as utilizing artificial intelligence and enhancing current techniques.

Suggested Citation

  • Siti Rosilah Arsad & Pin Jern Ker & Md. Zaini Jamaludin & Pooi Ying Choong & Hui Jing Lee & Vimal Angela Thiviyanathan & Young Zaidey Yang Ghazali, 2023. "Water Content in Transformer Insulation System: A Review on the Detection and Quantification Methods," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(4), pages 1-31, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:16:y:2023:i:4:p:1920-:d:1069170
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/16/4/1920/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/16/4/1920/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Jiangjun Ruan & Shuo Jin & Zhiye Du & Yiming Xie & Lin Zhu & Yu Tian & Ruohan Gong & Guannan Li & Min Xiong, 2017. "Condition Assessment of Paper Insulation in Oil-Immersed Power Transformers Based on the Iterative Inversion of Resistivity," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(4), pages 1-15, April.
    2. Issouf Fofana & Yazid Hadjadj, 2016. "Electrical-Based Diagnostic Techniques for Assessing Insulation Condition in Aged Transformers," Energies, MDPI, vol. 9(9), pages 1-26, August.
    3. Janvier Sylvestre N’cho & Issouf Fofana & Yazid Hadjadj & Abderrahmane Beroual, 2016. "Review of Physicochemical-Based Diagnostic Techniques for Assessing Insulation Condition in Aged Transformers," Energies, MDPI, vol. 9(5), pages 1-29, May.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Ghada Gmati & Ungarala Mohan Rao & Issouf Fofana & Patrick Picher & Oscar Arroyo-Fernàndez & Djamal Rebaine, 2023. "Bubbling Phenomena in Liquid-Filled Transformers: Background and Assessment," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(9), pages 1-23, April.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Jiefeng Liu & Hanbo Zheng & Yiyi Zhang & Hua Wei & Ruijin Liao, 2017. "Grey Relational Analysis for Insulation Condition Assessment of Power Transformers Based Upon Conventional Dielectric Response Measurement," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(10), pages 1-16, October.
    2. Hanbo Zheng & Jiefeng Liu & Yiyi Zhang & Yijie Ma & Yang Shen & Xiaochen Zhen & Zilai Chen, 2018. "Effectiveness Analysis and Temperature Effect Mechanism on Chemical and Electrical-Based Transformer Insulation Diagnostic Parameters Obtained from PDC Data," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(1), pages 1-17, January.
    3. Issouf Fofana & Yazid Hadjadj, 2018. "Power Transformer Diagnostics, Monitoring and Design Features," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(12), pages 1-5, November.
    4. Andrew Adewunmi Adekunle & Samson Okikiola Oparanti & Issouf Fofana, 2023. "Performance Assessment of Cellulose Paper Impregnated in Nanofluid for Power Transformer Insulation Application: A Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(4), pages 1-32, February.
    5. Przemyslaw Goscinski & Zbigniew Nadolny & Andrzej Tomczewski & Ryszard Nawrowski & Tomasz Boczar, 2023. "The Influence of Heat Transfer Coefficient α of Insulating Liquids on Power Transformer Cooling Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(6), pages 1-15, March.
    6. Jingxin Zou & Weigen Chen & Fu Wan & Zhou Fan & Lingling Du, 2016. "Raman Spectral Characteristics of Oil-Paper Insulation and Its Application to Ageing Stage Assessment of Oil-Immersed Transformers," Energies, MDPI, vol. 9(11), pages 1-14, November.
    7. Amidou Betie & Fethi Meghnefi & Issouf Fofana & Zie Yeo, 2018. "Modeling the Insulation Paper Drying Process from Thermogravimetric Analyses," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(3), pages 1-15, February.
    8. Pawel Zukowski & Przemyslaw Rogalski & Konrad Kierczynski & Tomasz N. Koltunowicz, 2021. "Precise Measurements of the Temperature Influence on the Complex Permittivity of Power Transformers Moistened Paper-Oil Insulation," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(18), pages 1-24, September.
    9. Qing Yang & Peiyu Su & Yong Chen, 2017. "Comparison of Impulse Wave and Sweep Frequency Response Analysis Methods for Diagnosis of Transformer Winding Faults," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(4), pages 1-16, March.
    10. Leila Safiddine & Hadj-Ziane Zafour & Ungarala Mohan Rao & Issouf Fofana, 2019. "Regeneration of Transformer Insulating Fluids Using Membrane Separation Technology," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(3), pages 1-13, January.
    11. Kakou D. Kouassi & Issouf Fofana & Ladji Cissé & Yazid Hadjadj & Kouba M. Lucia Yapi & K. Ambroise Diby, 2018. "Impact of Low Molecular Weight Acids on Oil Impregnated Paper Insulation Degradation," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(6), pages 1-13, June.
    12. Maciej Zdanowski, 2020. "Streaming Electrification of Nycodiel 1255 Synthetic Ester and Trafo EN Mineral Oil Mixtures by Using Rotating Disc Method," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(23), pages 1-14, November.
    13. Michał Kunicki & Sebastian Borucki & Andrzej Cichoń & Jerzy Frymus, 2019. "Modeling of the Winding Hot-Spot Temperature in Power Transformers: Case Study of the Low-Loaded Fleet," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(18), pages 1-17, September.
    14. Piotr Przybylek & Hubert Moranda & Hanna Moscicka-Grzesiak & Dominika Szczesniak, 2019. "Application of Synthetic Ester for Drying Distribution Transformer Insulation—The Influence of Cellulose Thickness on Drying Efficiency," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(20), pages 1-16, October.
    15. Veeresh Ramnarine & Vidyadhar Peesapati & Siniša Djurović, 2023. "Fibre Bragg Grating Sensors for Condition Monitoring of High-Voltage Assets: A Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(18), pages 1-26, September.
    16. Janvier Sylvestre N’cho & Issouf Fofana, 2020. "Review of Fiber Optic Diagnostic Techniques for Power Transformers," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(7), pages 1-24, April.
    17. Jiake Fang & Hanbo Zheng & Jiefeng Liu & Junhui Zhao & Yiyi Zhang & Ke Wang, 2018. "A Transformer Fault Diagnosis Model Using an Optimal Hybrid Dissolved Gas Analysis Features Subset with Improved Social Group Optimization-Support Vector Machine Classifier," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(8), pages 1-18, July.
    18. Chenmeng Zhang & Kailin Zhao & Shijun Xie & Can Hu & Yu Zhang & Nanxi Jiang, 2021. "Research on the Time-Domain Dielectric Response of Multiple Impulse Voltage Aging Oil-Film Dielectrics," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(7), pages 1-15, April.
    19. Konrad Kierczynski & Przemyslaw Rogalski & Vitalii Bondariev & Pawel Okal & Daniel Korenciak, 2022. "Research on the Influence of Moisture Exchange between Oil and Cellulose on the Electrical Parameters of the Insulating Oil in Power Transformers," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(20), pages 1-15, October.
    20. Wojciech Sikorski, 2018. "Active Dielectric Window: A New Concept of Combined Acoustic Emission and Electromagnetic Partial Discharge Detector for Power Transformers," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(1), pages 1-27, December.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:16:y:2023:i:4:p:1920-:d:1069170. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.