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Challenges of Application of Green Ammonia as Fuel in Onshore Transportation

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  • Maciej Chorowski

    (Department of Cryogenics and Aerospace Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Michał Lepszy

    (Department of Cryogenics and Aerospace Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Krystian Machaj

    (Department of Cryogenics and Aerospace Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
    Institute of Power Engineering, Mory 8, 01-330 Warsaw, Poland
    Center for Hydrogen Technologies (CTH2), Institute of Power Engineering, Augustówka 36, 02-981 Warsaw, Poland
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Ziemowit Malecha

    (Department of Cryogenics and Aerospace Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Dominika Porwisiak

    (Department of Cryogenics and Aerospace Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Paweł Porwisiak

    (Faculty of Earth Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Wrocław, Kosiby 8, 51-621 Wroclaw, Poland
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Zbigniew Rogala

    (Department of Cryogenics and Aerospace Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Michał Stanclik

    (Department of Cryogenics and Aerospace Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

Abstract

The main purpose of the article is to present a comprehensive and critical review of the challenges and risks associated with the use of green ammonia as an alternative fuel in land transport. The review is motivated by the clear trend toward phasing out fossil fuel vehicles and replacing them with emission-free alternatives. Topics covered include safety aspects such as safety of powering of vehicles, the production of green ammonia, the use of ammonia in the context of various fuel solutions (combustion engines and fuel cell engines), and the discussion of ammonia-powered vehicles in the context of air pollution. The paper offers new insights into identifying the challenges and obstacles that may arise in the case of the massive use of green ammonia as a fuel for land transport. In addition, the review presents the latest information on the technological readiness of the necessary infrastructure for the production, transport, storage, and utilization of green ammonia in internal combustion or electric engines.

Suggested Citation

  • Maciej Chorowski & Michał Lepszy & Krystian Machaj & Ziemowit Malecha & Dominika Porwisiak & Paweł Porwisiak & Zbigniew Rogala & Michał Stanclik, 2023. "Challenges of Application of Green Ammonia as Fuel in Onshore Transportation," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(13), pages 1-31, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:16:y:2023:i:13:p:4898-:d:1177569
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    Citations

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    Cited by:

    1. Makaryan, Iren A. & Sedov, Igor V. & Munoz-Herrera, Claudio & Toledo, Mario & Salgansky, Eugene A., 2025. "Combustion of ammonia-blended fuels in porous media burners, with storage and distribution implications: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 220(C).
    2. Ye, Lan & Zhou, Rongyin & Chen, Weihao & Gong, Shiqi & Zhou, Xinyi & Li, Jing, 2024. "Effect of in-cylinder flow on the combustion and flame propagation characteristics of an ammonia/diesel dual-fuel engine," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 309(C).
    3. Gaydaa AlZohbi, 2025. "Ammonia from Hydrogen: A Viable Pathway to Sustainable Transportation?," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 17(18), pages 1-34, September.
    4. Markus Strömich-Jenewein & Abdessamad Saidi & Andrea Pivatello & Stefano Mazzoni, 2025. "Net-Zero Backup Solutions for Green Ammonia Hubs Based on Hydrogen Power Generation," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(13), pages 1-21, June.
    5. Machaj, Krystian, 2024. "Experimental and numerical investigation of direct ammonia solid oxide fuel cells with the implementation of ammonia decomposition source terms in a 3D finite volume-based model," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 312(C).
    6. Mustafa Alnaeli & Mohammad Alnajideen & Rukshan Navaratne & Hao Shi & Pawel Czyzewski & Ping Wang & Sven Eckart & Ali Alsaegh & Ali Alnasif & Syed Mashruk & Agustin Valera Medina & Philip John Bowen, 2023. "High-Temperature Materials for Complex Components in Ammonia/Hydrogen Gas Turbines: A Critical Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(19), pages 1-46, October.

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