Thermal Protection of Newborns: The World Health Organization Guidelines Need to Include Clear and Feasible Options for Low-Resource Settings

Backgorund: Hypothermia in babies may increase mortality, directly or indirectly, by potentiating the effect of the other morbidities. Guidelines published by The World health organization (WHO) on newborn health (2015) may be inadequate to address the issue in a low-resource setting. To be relevant in such a context, they should be user-friendly for the trainers of health workers (HW) who may be responsible for interpreting the recommendations and training the HW. Text: According to earlier guidelines (2013), ‘No randomized or quasi-randomized trial that evaluated the impact of keeping infants warm after discharge (hospital births) or after 24 hours (home births) was identified’. However, kangaroo mother care (KMC), a strong recommendation with moderate-quality evidence, and thermal protection are inseparable, as the most crucial component of KMC is skin-to-skin contact, which keeps a baby warm. A HW may be surprised when the guidelines or the basis change and, the move comes at a time when the earlier guidelines (1993) are just finding roots in patient care practices. Current guidelines are based on the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology, where randomized trials assume more importance. The guidelines recommend the following methods to keep infants warm after birth: KMC (strong recommendation, moderate-quality evidence), intermittent KMC (strong recommendation, moderate-quality evidence), and radiant warmers or incubators (strong recommendation, very low-quality evidence). The divergence between the evidence and the recommendations may be difficult for the HW to comprehend. Conclusions: The guidelines for postnatal care need to be revisited and revised so that clear and feasible options for keeping infants warm in low-resource settings are offered. Besides KMC, warm rooms, heated mattresses, plastic wraps and Styrofoam boxes may be suggested. What is already known about this subject? • In the absence of a randomized or quasi-randomized trial that evaluated the impact of keeping infants warm, there are fewer options in a low-resource setting. • They include Kangaroo mother care and incubators/radiant warmers. What does this study add? • Options that may not have been supported by randomized trials but have consistent results may be suggested. • They include warm rooms, heated mattresses, plastic wraps and Styrofoam boxes. • In future revisions, the level of evidence should be paired with the recommendations. How might this impact on clinical practice or future developments? The health worker may choose the most feasible option at home or at a facility.