Allocating time on scientific platforms in outer space: Evidence from James Webb Space Telescope Cycle 1-3 general observer programs

This study explores the determinants of allocated time on large, complex scientific platforms, with a focus on astronomy and the competition for scientific use of space telescopes. Time allocation has become part of an intense competitive landscape for researchers vying for use of these assets once they are launched and calibrated. Extant research on determinants of time allocation in this context is mixed and scholars have portrayed astronomy as a moral economy, with issues of fairness – including gender equality - and openness at stake. Analysis of data from the first three Cycles of accepted programs on the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) using multivariable modelling shows allocated time to be consistently linked to size of the investigator team and whether the investigators waived exclusivity. The relationship between principal investigator (PI) gender and allocated time is found to vary over the three Cycles, as well as by program size and distance categories. PI affiliation and team geographic diversity have no consistent relationship with allocated time in regression tests although geographic diversity is correlated with team size. Findings are discussed against the backdrop of a moral economy in astronomy and the salience of issues relating to equality, diversity, and openness in scientific competition for large-scale research assets.