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Enhancing the efficiency of HTL-free Cs4CuSb2Cl12 carbon-based perovskite solar cells to over 27 % via gradient structure

Author

Listed:
  • Yang, Weiqiang
  • Li, Wenjun
  • Li, Tianyi
  • Liu, Qiulin

Abstract

The Cs4CuSb2Cl12 has emerged as a promising candidate for next-generation lead-free perovskites solar cells (PSCs) owing to its excellent optoelectronic properties and stability. However, the performance of Cs4CuSb2Cl12 PSCs remains unsatisfactory due to the low carrier separation efficiency in absorber and reliance on the specific hole transport layer. In this work, a gradient-doped Cs4CuSb2Cl12 carbon-based perovskite solar cells (C-PSC) was designed through numerical simulation. Systematic optimization was carried out on key parameters, including absorber thickness, gradient doping concentration, and etc. The gradient doping introduced multiple enhanced built-in electric fields in absorber, promoting the separation of photogenerated carriers. Moreover, gradient band improved the energy level matching of interface, creating ideal paths for carrier transport. Compared to the uniformly doped initial device (open-circuit voltage (VOC) of 1.26 V, short-circuit current (JSC) of 13.17 mA/cm2, fill factor (FF) of 79.08 %, and power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 13.08 %), the Cs4CuSb2Cl12 C-PSC incorporating gradient structure achieved a VOC of 1.38 V, JSC of 21.66 mA/cm2, FF of 90.37 %, and PCE of 27.07 %. Furthermore, the device maintained a stable JSC and retained a PCE as high as 24.24 % at 400 K. This work offers important insights into the design and optimization of high-efficiency lead-free PSCs.

Suggested Citation

  • Yang, Weiqiang & Li, Wenjun & Li, Tianyi & Liu, Qiulin, 2026. "Enhancing the efficiency of HTL-free Cs4CuSb2Cl12 carbon-based perovskite solar cells to over 27 % via gradient structure," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 256(PB).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:renene:v:256:y:2026:i:pb:s0960148125016866
    DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2025.124022
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Mamoun, Souheyla & Merad, Abdelkrim Elhasnaine, 2025. "New eco-friendly Rb2PtI6 based double perovskite solar cells with high photovoltaic performance up to 26 % efficiency: Numerical simulation," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 240(C).
    2. Sagar Bhattarai & Mustafa K. A. Mohammed & Jaya Madan & Rahul Pandey & Mohd Zahid Ansari & Ahmed Nabih Zaki Rashed & Mongi Amami & M. Khalid Hossain, 2023. "Performance Improvement of Perovskite Solar Cell Design with Double Active Layer to Achieve an Efficiency of over 31%," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(18), pages 1-13, September.
    3. Zeyu Zhang & Qingde Sun & Yue Lu & Feng Lu & Xulin Mu & Su-Huai Wei & Manling Sui, 2022. "Hydrogenated Cs2AgBiBr6 for significantly improved efficiency of lead-free inorganic double perovskite solar cell," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 13(1), pages 1-12, December.
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