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Hold-up and the use of performance-sensitive debt

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  • Adam, Tim R.
  • Streitz, Daniel

Abstract

We examine whether performance-sensitive debt (PSD) is used to reduce hold-up problems in long-term lending relationships. We find that the use of PSD is more common in the presence of a long-term lending relationship and if the borrower has fewer financing alternatives available. In syndicated deals, however, the presence of a relationship lead arranger reduces the use of PSD because a lead arranger has little incentive to hold-up a client. Further supporting the hypothesis that hold-up concerns motivate the use of PSD, we find a substitution effect between the use of PSD and the tightness of financial covenants.

Suggested Citation

  • Adam, Tim R. & Streitz, Daniel, 2016. "Hold-up and the use of performance-sensitive debt," Journal of Financial Intermediation, Elsevier, vol. 26(C), pages 47-67.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:jfinin:v:26:y:2016:i:c:p:47-67
    DOI: 10.1016/j.jfi.2016.01.004
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    Cited by:

    1. Bannier, Christina E. & Wiemann, Markus, 2014. "Performance-sensitive debt: The intertwined effects of performance measurement and pricing grid asymmetry," CFS Working Paper Series 476, Center for Financial Studies (CFS).
    2. Adam, Tim R. & Burg, Valentin & Scheinert, Tobias & Streitz, Daniel, 2014. "Managerial Optimism and Debt Contract Design: The Case of Syndicated Loans," Discussion Paper Series of SFB/TR 15 Governance and the Efficiency of Economic Systems 475, Free University of Berlin, Humboldt University of Berlin, University of Bonn, University of Mannheim, University of Munich.
    3. Aurore Burietz & Kim Oosterlinck & Ariane Szafarz, 2025. "Hold-up in Syndicated Lending: Why Do Bank Relationships Lead to Higher Costs for High-Quality Firms?," Working Papers CEB 25-005, ULB -- Universite Libre de Bruxelles.
    4. Umeair Shahzad & Jing Liu & Faisal Mahmood & Fukai Luo, 2021. "Corporate innovation and trade credit demand: Evidence from China," Managerial and Decision Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 42(6), pages 1591-1606, September.
    5. Lim, Jesslyn & Do, Viet & Vu, Tram, 2022. "The effect of lenders’ dual holding on loan contract design: Evidence from performance pricing provisions," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 137(C).
    6. Nguyen, Huyen & Uzonwanne, Sochima, 2024. "Environmental incidents and sustainability pricing provisions," IWH Discussion Papers 17/2024, Halle Institute for Economic Research (IWH).
    7. Tim R. Adam & Valentin Burg & Tobias Scheinert & Daniel Streitz, 2020. "Managerial Biases and Debt Contract Design: The Case of Syndicated Loans," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 66(1), pages 352-375, January.
    8. Liu, Haiming & Hu, Jikong, 2025. "Bank Fintech and firm leverage adjustment speed: Evidence from China," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 73(PA).
    9. Lee, Edward & Pappas, Kostas & Xu, Alice Liang, 2020. "Foreign Lenders’ adoption of performance pricing provisions in syndicated loans," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 118(C).
    10. Herpfer, Christoph & Maturana, Gonzalo, 2020. "Credit Rating Inflation: Is It Still Relevant and Who Prices It?," MPRA Paper 109461, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    11. Liu, Yu-Hong & Jiang, I-Ming & Hung, Mao-Wei, 2025. "Pricing vulnerable options when debts have performance- sensitivity provisions," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 103(C).
    12. Chen, Jie & Mishra, Tapas & Song, Wei & Zhang, Qingjing & Zhang, Zhuang, 2024. "The impact of bank mergers on corporate tax aggressiveness," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 84(C).

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    Keywords

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    JEL classification:

    • G21 - Financial Economics - - Financial Institutions and Services - - - Banks; Other Depository Institutions; Micro Finance Institutions; Mortgages
    • G31 - Financial Economics - - Corporate Finance and Governance - - - Capital Budgeting; Fixed Investment and Inventory Studies
    • G32 - Financial Economics - - Corporate Finance and Governance - - - Financing Policy; Financial Risk and Risk Management; Capital and Ownership Structure; Value of Firms; Goodwill

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