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Dual-function self-powered electrochromic device Cu||WO3−x/SnO2||Zn with dynamic optical modulation and energy storage enabled by potential difference

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  • Li, Yihang
  • Wei, Wei
  • Zhang, Xiaoke
  • Guo, Zhipeng
  • Li, Zeyang
  • Wei, Ang

Abstract

Dual-band electrochromic smart windows require external power sources for operation, paradoxically increasing energy consumption while compromising sustainability and safety. Herein, a self-powered dual-band electrochromic smart window (electrochromic battery) based on a Cu||WO3−x/SnO2||Zn configuration with aqueous hybrid AlCl3/ZnSO4 electrolyte is presented, achieving external-power-free independent control of visible (VIS) and near-infrared (NIR) light via intrinsic electrochemical potential differences. The device operates two distinct modes: the low potential difference (−0.459 V, partial Al3+ intercalation) between WO3−x/SnO2 and Cu maintains 67.9 % VIS transmittance while blocking 84.2 % NIR light, enabling the device to obtain a “Cool” mode; the high potential difference (−1.379 V, deep Al3+ intercalation) between WO3−x/SnO2 and Zn blocks 89.5 % VIS light and 99.5 % solar heat, realizing a “Dark” mode. Ex-situ XRD and XPS technologies jointly reveal that Al3+ intercalation leads to different degrees of crystal phase transition of WO3−x, and partially reduces the dominant colorless W6+ to colored W5+/W4+, enabling a high optical contrast and opaque colored state. Simultaneously, it delivers a 57.26 mAh m−2 energy storage capacity at 0.1 mA cm−2. This work establishes a self-powered dual-function electrochromic battery system for autonomous building energy management and power generation.

Suggested Citation

  • Li, Yihang & Wei, Wei & Zhang, Xiaoke & Guo, Zhipeng & Li, Zeyang & Wei, Ang, 2025. "Dual-function self-powered electrochromic device Cu||WO3−x/SnO2||Zn with dynamic optical modulation and energy storage enabled by potential difference," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 341(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:341:y:2025:i:c:s0360544225049898
    DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2025.139347
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Xin Chen & Linfeng Peng & Lihui Wang & Jiaqiang Yang & Zhangxiang Hao & Jingwei Xiang & Kai Yuan & Yunhui Huang & Bin Shan & Lixia Yuan & Jia Xie, 2019. "Ether-compatible sulfurized polyacrylonitrile cathode with excellent performance enabled by fast kinetics via selenium doping," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 10(1), pages 1-9, December.
    2. Mingqiang Wang & Ahmet E. Emre & Ji-Young Kim & Yiting Huang & Li Liu & Volkan Cecen & Yudong Huang & Nicholas A. Kotov, 2022. "Multifactorial engineering of biomimetic membranes for batteries with multiple high-performance parameters," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 13(1), pages 1-12, December.
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