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Zur Versicherung von Elementarrisiken: das englische Gentlemen's Agreement und seine Entwicklungsmöglichkeiten

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  • Michael Huber

Abstract

The insurability of natural hazards is challenged by two well-known problems: First, there is little demand for coverage against natural hazards under market conditions. This often results in adverse selection. Second, the issue of moral hazard becomes relevant, as purchasing insurance coverage leads to lax behaviour and, consequently, increased costs for insurance. Climate change challenges the industrial societies and triggers a general reassessment of all preventative and adaptive instruments at their disposition with the general aim of finding reliable and sustainable solutions for the management of natural hazards. Considering a general preference for private solutions, the example of the English flood insurance provides some interesting insights. The English model exists for 50 years and is a good example to assess the tensions between moral hazard and adverse selection. Irrespective of a recent and comprehensive reform process, the traditional structure revealed itself as hindrance for further improvements, such as the possibility of insurance firms to assume regulatory tasks to ensure the survival of the overall arrangement. One of the conclusions of this article emphasises the dependency of private insurance arrangement form political framework conditions. Thus, the success of insurance as a tool in the management of climate change depends on the political rather than economic considerations. Market solutions are not superior per se to other solutions. Bei der Versicherbarkeit von Naturkatastrophen spielen zwei Probleme eine besondere Rolle: Erstens ist Versicherungsschutz gegen Naturkatastrophen unter Marktbedingungen wenig nachgefragt und führt daher zu einer negativen Risikoauslese. Zweitens tritt als Folge der Lösung dieses Problems deutlich hervor, dass nämlich die Versicherten sich nach Abschluss des Vertrags nachlässig verhalten und so die Versicherungskosten hochtreiben. Da der Klimawandel die industriellen Gesellschaften dazu herausfordert, beim Umgang mit Naturkatstrophen alle präventiven und adaptiven Instrumente nochmals zu bewerten und neue Lösungen zu finden, diskutiert dieser Beitrag die Frage nach den Bedingungen der Möglichkeit von Versicherbarkeit am Beispiel der englischen Überschwemmungsversicherung. Das englische Modell (Gentlemen's Agreement) existiert seit über 50 Jahren, und man kann daran überprüfen, wie die Spannung zwischen negativer Risikoauslese und subjektivem Risiko unter dem Eindruck des Klimawandels gelöst wird. Aus der Grundstruktur wird deutlich, dass dieses Modell zu laxem Verhalten aller Beteiligten führt. Trotz der Reform vor wenigen Jahren und einigen Verbesserungen, die durchgesetzt werden konnten, erwies sich der historische Erfolg als Hemmschuh. Neue Reformschritte, beispielsweise dass Versicherungen staatliche, regulative Aufgaben übernehmen sollen und damit das Überleben der privaten Überschwemmungsversicherung absichern, werden durch den Lösungsansatz des Gentlemen's Agreement verhindert. Eine der Schlussfolgerungen dieses Beitrags besagt, dass der Erfolg privatwirtschaftlicher Versicherungsarrangements eher von den politisch-institutionellen Rahmenbedingungen abhängt als von ihrer Ökonomie und dass Marktlösungen daher nicht automatisch anderen Ansätzen überlegen sind.

Suggested Citation

  • Michael Huber, 2008. "Zur Versicherung von Elementarrisiken: das englische Gentlemen's Agreement und seine Entwicklungsmöglichkeiten," Vierteljahrshefte zur Wirtschaftsforschung / Quarterly Journal of Economic Research, DIW Berlin, German Institute for Economic Research, vol. 77(4), pages 44-52.
  • Handle: RePEc:diw:diwvjh:77-4-3
    DOI: 10.3790/vjh.77.4.44
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    1. Michael Huber, 2004. "Insurability and Regulatory Reform: Is the English Flood Insurance Regime Able to Adapt to Climate Change?," The Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance - Issues and Practice, Palgrave Macmillan;The Geneva Association, vol. 29(2), pages 169-182, April.
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    JEL classification:

    • G22 - Financial Economics - - Financial Institutions and Services - - - Insurance; Insurance Companies; Actuarial Studies
    • Q54 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Environmental Economics - - - Climate; Natural Disasters and their Management; Global Warming
    • Z13 - Other Special Topics - - Cultural Economics - - - Economic Sociology; Economic Anthropology; Language; Social and Economic Stratification

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